{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:12:18Z","timestamp":1785427938088,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":49,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cambridge.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Prehosp. Disaster med."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X26108838_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regarding pandemics or bioterrorism incidents, prompt and secure distribution of vaccines and prophylactic antibiotics is crucial. Open Points of Dispensing (PODs) are established to serve the public, and their effectiveness depends on the internal spatial layout and operational workflow design. However, studies on systematic classifications of open POD configurations and comprehensive syntheses of strategies for enhancing operational efficiency are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X26108838_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Study Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This scoping review aimed to classify open POD layout types used for vaccine and antibiotic distribution and to consolidate strategies that improve efficiency across various workflow stations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X26108838_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases, spanning from January 2001 through July 2025. The search strategy involved incorporating keyword combinations related to \u201cpoints of dispensing,\u201d \u201cmass vaccination,\u201d \u201cmass prophylaxis,\u201d and specific pathogens such as anthrax, influenza, and COVID-19. Extracted data included the POD layout typologies, process designs, and efficiency metrics. The findings were synthesized using a narrative approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X26108838_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Vaccine PODs were classified into four primary layouts, namely station-based sequential-flow, cell-based, fixed-seat service, and pop-up PODs. Antibiotic PODs were categorized into two types, namely sequential processing and selective-expedited processing. Each layout exhibited unique operational characteristics, including sequential versus integrated clinical stations (for vaccine PODs) and standard versus expedited dispensing lines (for antibiotic PODs). Efficiency enhancement strategies across workflow stations included task integration, use of digital tools, simplification of documentation, optimization of medication preparation, and staffing adjustments guided by simulation modeling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1049023X26108838_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review provides a systematic classification of open POD layouts and summarizes the strategies for improving efficiency across workflow stations. The derived insights offer practical guidance for planning and operating PODs in future public health emergency responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1049023x26108838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:29:55Z","timestamp":1771478995000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/policypage","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Layout Types and Efficiency Improvement Strategies for Open Points of Dispensing in Vaccine and Antibiotic Distribution: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Jin Ju","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00njt2653","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun 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Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","group":{"name":"copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}],"article-number":"e1"}}