{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:44:57Z","timestamp":1762101897743},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4116,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>What are the symptoms of panic disorder and how is the disorder most effectively treated? One of the most commonly encountered anxiety disorders in the primary care setting, panic disorder is a chronic and debilitating illness. The core symptoms are recurrent panic attacks coupled with anticipatory anxiety and phobic avoidance, which together impair the patient's professional, social, and familial functioning. Patients with panic disorder have medically unexplained symptoms that lead to overutilization of healthcare services. Panic disorder is often comorbid with agoraphobia and major depression, and patients may be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease and, possibly, suicide. Research into the optimal treatment of this disorder has been undertaken in the past 2 decades, and numerous randomized, controlled trials have been published. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have emerged as the most favorable treatment, as they have a beneficial side-effect profile, are relatively safe (even if taken in overdose), and do not produce physical dependency. High-potency benzodiazepines, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants, have also shown antipardc efficacy. In addition, cognitive-behavioral therapy has demonstrated efficacy in the acute and long-term treatment of panic disorder. A n integrated treatment approach that combines pharmacotherapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy may provide the best treatment. Long-term efficacy and ease of use are important considerations in treatment selection, as maintenance treatment is recommended for at least 12\u201324 months, and in some cases, indefinitely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s109285290000691x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:27:07Z","timestamp":1470108427000},"page":"17-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["WCA Recommendations for the Long-Term Treatment of Panic Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Pollack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christer","family":"Allgulander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Borwin","family":"Bandelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni B.","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Greist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Nutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Okasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard P.","family":"Swinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199710000-00008"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref141","volume-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of anxiety disorders in primary care","author":"Evans","year":"2000"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.6.776"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790260027003"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref045","first-page":"24","article-title":"Antidepressants in panic disorder: clinical and preclinical mechanisms","volume":"59","author":"Nutt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref067","first-page":"481","article-title":"Clomipramine in the treatment of agoraphobic inpatients resistant to behavioral therapy","volume":"54","author":"Hoffart","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800290027004"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130046008"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199310000-00004"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.1.54"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref080","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.3.374"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref076","first-page":"47","article-title":"Consensus statement on panic disorder from the International Consensus Group on Depression and Anxiety","volume":"59","author":"Ballenger","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130067010"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800290073009"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199706000-00002"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.174.3.205"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref073","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1987"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref102","first-page":"69","article-title":"Double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of clonazepam and alprazolam for panic disorder","volume":"52","author":"Tesar","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-199208000-00007"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.5.603"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130053009"},{"key":"S109285290000691X_ref126","unstructured":"Pohl R , Holland P , Chung H , Clary C . 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