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Distant threats activate prefrontal cortex (involved in complex planning of avoidance strategies), while immediate threats activate midbrain structures (involved in fast reflexive behaviors). Panic disorder may, however, also involve more specific interoceptive mechanisms. For example, the association between respiratory dysfunction and panic disorder has bolstered a false suffocation alarm hypothesis. Genetic and environmental contributors to panic disorder are beginning to be delineated. Effective pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are able to normalize the relevant psychobiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900016126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T04:59:33Z","timestamp":1470113973000},"page":"26-30","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Panic Disorder: <i>The Psychobiology of External Treat and Introceptive Distress<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dan 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