{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:22:51Z","timestamp":1790335371836,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2442,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychosis in Parkinson's disease refers to a combination of hallucinations and delusions occurring with a clear sensorium and a chronic course. Hallucinations may involve several sensory modalities. Complex visual hallucinations are the most common type. \u201cMinor\u201d hallucinatory phenomena are frequently present and include visual illusions, passage hallucinations, and sense of presence. Insight may be lost in patients with cognitive impairment. Delusions of a paranoid type are more rare than hallucinations. Both hallucinations and delusions are more frequent in Parkinson's disease patients with dementia. Pathogenesis involves complex and probably multifactorial mechanisms, including pharmacologic (dopaminergic treatment and others) and disease-related factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900017284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T05:01:39Z","timestamp":1470114099000},"page":"18-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: <i>Phenomenology, Frequency, Risk Factors, and Current Understanding of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"F\u00e9nelon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10439"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.733"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103444.45882.D8"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20719"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1339"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90869-7"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000141853.27081.BD"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21683"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000265593.34438.00"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(199901)14:1<117::AID-MDS1019>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)70146-0"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.135.6.669","article-title":"Levodopa-induced psychosis: a kindling phenomenon","volume":"135","author":"Moskovitz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21382"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-006-0388-4"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000242630.52203.8f"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000038351.32678.4A"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.2.281"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref003","volume-title":"Mov Disord","author":"Fernandez","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129843.15756.A3"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000192480.89813.80"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.083113"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2007.00860.x"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnf.0000180228.77802.32"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20129"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000145764.70698.4E"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/1992\/970751"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.8.1249"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20965"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.06.028"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10437"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/3738"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21140"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh725"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00182-3"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000161872.85903.8E"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200306000-00008"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20582"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0908-9"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988705284739"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1996.00550120077019"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050005"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref019","first-page":"203","article-title":"Hallucinations, id\u00e9es d\u00e9lirantes, \u00e9v\u00e9nement nocturnes chez 152 patients atteints de maladie de Parkinson","volume":"158","author":"Bailb\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.025"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref002","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.727"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.6.734"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.4.533"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1255"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20701"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref012","volume-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","author":"Williams","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.63.4.434"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.2.515"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.389"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2004.01.003"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X05000130"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.5.595"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150200032"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0918-5"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000191325.31068.c4"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198205020-00003"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000148479.10865.FE"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410340514"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref052","first-page":"198","article-title":"A study of visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"3","author":"Holroyd","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Ger Soc"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref055","first-page":"289","article-title":"Poor visual discrimination and visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease","volume":"21","author":"Diederich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050364"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187116.13370.e0"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.7.984"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2005.10.005"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20308"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007822"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf033"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01663632"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb03162.x"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200002000-00006"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.2.209"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.11.006"},{"key":"S1092852900017284_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.8.1280"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1092852900017284","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,1]],"date-time":"2019-05-01T00:28:00Z","timestamp":1556670480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1092852900017284\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1092852900017284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852900017284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8529","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-6509","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3]]}}}