{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T20:38:46Z","timestamp":1776803926843,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":4297,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Does narcolepsy, a neurological disease, need to be considered when diagnosing major mental illness? Clinicians have reported cases of narcolepsy with prominent hypnagogic hallucinations that were mistakenly diagnosed as schizophrenia. In some bipolar disorder patients with narcolepsy, the HH resulted in their receiving a more severe diagnosis (ie, bipolar disorder with psychotic features or schizoaffective disorder). The role of narcolepsy in psychiatric patients has remained obscure and problematic, and it may be more prevalent than commonly believed. Classical narcolepsy patients display the clinical \u201ctetrad\u201d\u2014cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, daytime sleep attacks, and sleep paralysis. Over 85% also display the human leukocyte antigen marker DQB10602 (subset of DQ6). Since 1998, discoveries in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology have greatly advanced the understanding of narcolepsy, which involves a nearly total loss of the recently discovered orexin\/hypocretin (hypocretin) neurons of the hypothalamus, likely by an autoimmune mechanism. Hypocretin neurons normally supply excitatory signals to brainstem nuclei producing norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and dopamine, with resultant suppression of sleep. They also project to basal forebrain areas and cortex. A literature review regarding the differential diagnosis of narcolepsy, affective disorder, and schizophrenia is presented. Furthermore, it is now possible to rule out classical narcolepsy in difficult psychiatric cases. Surprisingly, psychotic patients with narcolepsy will likely require stimulants to fully recover. Many conventional antipsychotic drugs would worsen their symptoms and make them appear to become a \u201cchronic psychotic,\u201d while in fact they can now be properly diagnosed and treated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900018344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1470108216000},"page":"120-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Narcolepsy: Differential Diagnosis or Etiology in Some Cases of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alan B.","family":"Douglass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318799"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01787327"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(96)00086-2"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.4.519"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199101000-00003"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(65)80036-0"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref037","first-page":"275","article-title":"Narcolepsy and psychopathology: a case report","volume":"13","author":"Silvestri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neurol"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199712000-00003"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref003","first-page":"320","article-title":"Criteria for the diagnosis of the narcoleptic syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Yoss","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00316-5"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-193413010-00001"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref005","volume-title":"Narcolepsy","author":"Guilleminault","year":"1976"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)00058-1"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91831-2"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90066-M"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref006","volume-title":"International classification of sleep disorders: Diagnostic and Coding Manual","author":"Thorpy","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/8.4.325"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199501000-00009"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.1984.tb02144.x"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.134.7.822b","article-title":"Narcolepsy and schizophrenia [letter]","volume":"134","author":"Ullman","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00317-7"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.1.149"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.12.1530","article-title":"Genetic association of the HLA DRB1 gene locus on chromosome 6p21.3 with schizophrenia","volume":"153","author":"Wright","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930070211"},{"key":"S1092852900018344_ref038","first-page":"286","article-title":"Narcolepsy and the psychiatric tableau. 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