{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T13:35:11Z","timestamp":1791984911387,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]],"date-time":"2014-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415318400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3994,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> We investigated clinical factors to determine their relationship to treatment resistance among bipolar patients who had a consultation at a tertiary care facility.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Patients were separated into two categories: rapid-cycling disorders and nonrapid-cycling disorders. We hypothesized that there would be less usage of lithium carbonate among nonrapid-cycling treatment-resistant patients than among rapid cyclers and also that there would be higher rates of comorbidity seen among nonrapid-cycling than rapid-cycling patients in order to account for these particular patients being treatment resistant.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Findings:<\/jats:bold> Continued recyling and persistent depression characterized rapid cyclers, whereas persistent depression characterized nonrapid cyclers. Less than 30% of patients had adequate lithium treatment and there was no significant difference comparing rapid cyclers with non-rapid cyclers. Rates of comorbidity were also not significantly different between these groups. We also assessed a number of other factors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Some of these factors were significant, but when a Bonferonni correction was applied, these significant differences were not maintained. The study of treatment resistance among nonrapid-cycling bipolar patients merits further research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852900028716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,2]],"date-time":"2016-08-02T03:26:50Z","timestamp":1470108410000},"page":"948-952","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder: A Comparison of Rapid Cyclers and Nonrapid Cyclers"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Dong","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Dunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852900028716_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90079-Y","article-title":"DSM-III-R personality disorders in a mood and anxiety disorders clinic: prevalence, comorbitity, and clinical correlates","volume":"27","author":"Hick","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"S1092852900028716_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.906"},{"key":"S1092852900028716_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790120076010"},{"key":"S1092852900028716_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.134.4.382"},{"key":"S1092852900028716_ref015","first-page":"918","article-title":"Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium in the treatment of mania","volume":"271","author":"Bowden","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Depakote Mania Study Group. 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