{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:26:25Z","timestamp":1790756785891,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439164800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This narrative review provides an overview of the epidemiology of binge eating disorder (BED), highlighting the medical history of this disorder and its entry as an independent condition in the Feeding and Eating Disorders section of the recently published<jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>, Fifth Edition. Estimates of prevalence are provided, as well as recognition that the female to male ratio is lower in BED than in other eating disorders. Evidence is also provided of the most common comorbidities of BED, including mood and anxiety disorders and a range of addiction disorders. In addition, discussion of the viewpoint that BED itself may be an addiction \u2014 at least in severe cases \u2014 is presented. Although the genetic study of BED is still in its infancy, current research is reviewed with a focus on certain neurotransmitter genes that regulate brain reward mechanisms. To date, a focal point of this research has been on the dopamine and the \u03bc-opioid receptor genes. Preliminary evidence suggests that a predisposing risk factor for BED may be a heightened sensitivity to reward, which could manifest as a strong dopamine signal in the brain\u2019s striatal region. Caution is encouraged, however, in the interpretation of current findings, since samples are relatively small in much of the research. To date, no genome-wide association studies have focused exclusively on BED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852915000462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]],"date-time":"2015-08-10T13:15:25Z","timestamp":1439212525000},"page":"522-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The epidemiology and genetics of binge eating disorder (BED)"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02213.x"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref26","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manualof Mental Disorders","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.18.2146"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03325306"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C1FO10089K"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YPG.0000000000000065"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2009.10.008"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.79"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-014-1477-6"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2670"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.52","article-title":"Dopamine for \u201cwanting\u201d and opioids for \u201cliking\u201d: a comparison of obese adults with and without binge eating","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref46","first-page":"194","article-title":"Overlapping decline in orbitofrontal gray matter volume related to cocaine use and body mass index","volume":"20","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2012.07.012"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.05.002"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2007.06.012"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10899-010-9207-z"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.12.003"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.190","article-title":"Association between melanocortin-4 receptor mutations and eating behaviors in obese patients: a case-control study","volume":"38","author":"Valette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030679"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2006.08.002"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09540261.2012.679918"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref11","volume-title":"The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Health, Illness, Behavior, and Society","author":"Griffith","year":"2014"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000103"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30232"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-014-1490-9"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2283"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20890"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.272"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2080834"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.153"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20962"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-014-0173-9"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e3283242f05"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref43","first-page":"35","article-title":"Significance of alcohol use disorders in binge eating disorder: a controlled study of co-morbidity","volume":"46","author":"Grilo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol and Alcoholism"},{"key":"S1092852915000462_ref75","unstructured":"Davis C , Levitan RD , Carter JC , et al. 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