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Recent insights on genetic risk factors and new concepts surrounding pathophysiology have spurred interest in the possibility of targeted treatment for TD. As will be reviewed in this article, the number of evidence-based strategies for TD treatment is small: only clonazepam, amantadine, ginkgo biloba extract, and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor tetrabenazine have compelling data. Using new insights into the metabolism of tetrabenazine and the properties of its active metabolites, 2 modifications of tetrabenazine have been synthesized to improve the kinetic profile, and are currently involved in double-blind placebo controlled studies aimed at U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory approval. The possible availability of these new agents, deuterated tetrabenazine and valbenazine, significantly widens the range of treatment choices for patients with TD. For clinicians with patients at risk for TD due to dopamine antagonist exposure, experience has shown that the problem of TD will be an ongoing issue in modern psychiatry, and that an appreciation of new developments in the pathophysiology of, risk factors for, and treatment of TD is crucial to managing this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852916000730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]],"date-time":"2017-01-03T12:34:11Z","timestamp":1483446851000},"page":"13-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Forgotten but not gone: new developments in the understanding and treatment of tardive dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-016-0568-1"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S32328"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0222-5"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref35","first-page":"358","article-title":"Huntington\u2019s chorea: results of treatment with reserpine","volume":"30","author":"Lazarte","year":"1955","journal-title":"Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Prevalence of spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia","volume":"61","author":"Fenton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.114538"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref29","first-page":"CD000209","article-title":"Vitamin E for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia","author":"Soares","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.12.037"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002370"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(95)00162-E"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988714541867"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25909"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-152"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.11.149"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref12","first-page":"5","article-title":"Tardive dyskinesia: pathophysiology and animal models","volume":"61","author":"Casey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500194"},{"key":"S1092852916000730_ref49","unstructured":"Anderson KE , Factor SA , Hauser RA , et al. 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