{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T12:57:39Z","timestamp":1760014659123,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1558915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"S1092852919000981_as1\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Central nervous system (CNS) may be infected by several agents, resulting in different presentations and outcomes. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers could be helpful to differentiate specific conditions and setting an appropriate therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919000981_as2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients presenting with signs and symptoms were enrolled if, before receiving a diagnostic lumbar puncture, signed a written informed consent. We analyzed CSF indexes of blood\u2013brain barrier permeability (CSF to serum albumin ratio or CSAR), inflammation (CSF to serum IgG ratio, neopterin), amyloid deposition (1\u201342 \u03b2-amyloid), neuronal damage (Total tau (T-tau), Phosphorylated tau (P-tau), and 14.3.3 protein) and astrocyte damage (S-100\u03b2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919000981_as3\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two hundred and eighty-one patients were included: they were mainly affected by herpesvirus encephalitis, enterovirus meningoencephalitis, bacterial meningitis (<jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>), and infection by other etiological agents or unknown pathogen. Their CSF features were compared with HIV-negative patients and native HIV-positive individuals without CNS involvement. 14.3.3 protein was found in bacterial and HSV infections while T-tau and neopterin were abnormally high in the herpesvirus group. P-tau, instead, was elevated in enterovirus meningitis. S-100\u03b2 was found to be high in patients with HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections but not in those with Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). Thirty-day mortality was unexpectedly low (2.7%): patients who died had higher levels of T-tau and, significantly, lower levels of A\u03b21\u201342.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919000981_as4\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work demonstrates that CSF biomarkers of neuronal damage or inflammation may vary during CNS infections according to different causative agents. The prognostic value of these biomarkers needs to be assessed in prospective studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852919000981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]],"date-time":"2019-05-27T07:30:00Z","timestamp":1558942200000},"page":"402-408","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in patients with central nervous system infections: a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-6498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Alcantarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristiana","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Lipani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Imperiale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Burdino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Audagnotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Mighetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Milia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Perri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Calcagno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/196432"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/564091"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6883-5"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/564534"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282x20160066"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5847"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcm146"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(00)00501-3"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2001.00358.x"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/375066"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X20160044"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf1059"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70640-5","article-title":"Role of IL-6 and neopterin in the pathogenesis of herpetic encephalitis","volume":"63","author":"Boci\u0105ga-Jasik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep PR."},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15034671"},{"key":"S1092852919000981_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083237"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1092852919000981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T09:30:57Z","timestamp":1591867857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1092852919000981\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1092852919000981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852919000981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1092-8529"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2165-6509"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,27]]}}}