{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T04:05:51Z","timestamp":1774065951967,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919001457_sec1\" sec-type=\"intro\"><jats:title>Introduction.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent, debilitating and disabling disorder, and its prevalence is increasing. Antidepressants (AD), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and behavioral activation (BA) are the main treatments for MDD. Trial-based cognitive therapy (TBCT) addresses and restructures dysfunctional negative core beliefs (CBs) and is a novel and promising approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919001457_sec2\" sec-type=\"other\"><jats:title>Objective.<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of TBCT, BA and treatment as usual (TAU) in the treatment of MDD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919001457_sec3\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods.<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 76 patients with MDD were randomized into 1 of 3 groups and evaluated at baseline, after 6 weeks and at week 12 (final evaluation). The primary outcome was changing in HAM-D scores, and the secondary outcomes included scores on the BDI, CD-Quest, Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) and WHOQOL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919001457_sec4\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results.<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both TBCT and BA (which also included AD) were different from TAU (which included antidepressants alone) in reducing the HAM-D and BDI scores and other measures. TBCT and BA were different from TAU in the reduction of disability in SDS and WHOQOL physical domain scores. Besides limited by a small sample size, the dropout rate in the TAU arm was higher, and only 10 patients completed the 3 evaluations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852919001457_sec5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion.<\/jats:title><jats:p>This trial provides evidence that TBCT and BA combined with antidepressants were more efficacious than the TAU (drug alone) in reducing the severity of depressive symptoms and disability, showing that this combination can be useful for clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852919001457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T11:04:54Z","timestamp":1574766294000},"page":"535-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Efficacy of trial-based cognitive therapy, behavioral activation and treatment as usual in the treatment of major depressive disorder: preliminary findings from a randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9698-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Curt","family":"Hemanny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Maia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Cristina","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagoberto","family":"Bonavides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camila","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irismar Reis","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852919001457_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.09.022"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r65","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.04.004"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r60","first-page":"20","article-title":"Evaluation of the Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (CD-Quest) in a Sample of Undergraduate Students","volume":"12","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r58","volume-title":"The anxiety disease: New hope for the millions who suffer from anxiety","author":"Sheehan","year":"1983"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r53","unstructured":"53. Cunha, JA . Manual da vers\u00e3o em portugu\u00eas das Escalas Beck. S\u00e3o Paulo: casa do psic\u00f3logo. 2001."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2710.2011.01299.x"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S110632"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000399"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2011.03.010"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315725000"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r30","volume-title":"Behavioral Activation: Distinctive Features","author":"Busch","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2012-0863"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r19","unstructured":"19. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: recognition and management; 2018."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0035605"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.32.1.67"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000727"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.034"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.2.295"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra073096"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5215.2002.140402.x"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03392158"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1963.01720160014002"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10942-018-0292-8"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315754918"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61552-9"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.02.030"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716659418"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102000000200012"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1590\/0101-60830000000078","article-title":"Changing negative core beliefs with trial-based thought record","volume":"43","author":"Delavechia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.31505\/rbtcc.v19i3.1065","article-title":"Ativa\u00e7\u00e3o comportamental: Apresentando um protocolo integrador no tratamento da depress\u00e3o","volume":"19","author":"Abreu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ter Comport e Cogn"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S172385"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.8.3.255"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197801000-00003"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1982-3703001552014"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.4.658"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-018-9993-9"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r55","first-page":"10","article-title":"Escala de Depress\u00e3o de Hamilton (HAM-D): revis\u00e3o dos 40 anos de sua utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"3","author":"Neto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev da Fac Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas Sorocaba"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.1054"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.11.001"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r61","first-page":"551","article-title":"The WHOQOL Group","volume":"28","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder third edition","volume":"167","author":"Gelenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445510390929"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002580"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.08.002"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503027003003"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-017-9838-9"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462000000300003"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.4.271"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1964.01720240015003"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025190"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r16","unstructured":"16. Lewinsohn, PM . A behavioral approach to depression. Essent Pap Depress. 1974:150\u2013172."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.83221"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r73","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy of Depression","author":"Beck","year":"1979"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t61109-000"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r2","unstructured":"2. World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2011.06.054"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r39","unstructured":"39. de Oliveira, IR . Terapia Cognitiva Processual: Manual para Cl\u00ednicos. Artmed Editora; 2015."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.05.003"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r18","volume-title":"Depression in Context: Strategies for Guided Action","author":"Martell","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.11.4.309"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-018-0028-7"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31140-0"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-5830-3_5"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445508317265"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534650109332484"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r81","volume-title":"Reward network modulation as a mechanism of change in behavioral activation. Behav Modif","author":"Nagy"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003821"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-009-0031-3"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r20","first-page":"1","year":"2010"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pdps.2015.43.3.423"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-014-0546-4"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r63","unstructured":"63. IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp."},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.02.026"},{"key":"S1092852919001457_r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-70855-3"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1092852919001457","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T10:16:21Z","timestamp":1695464181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1092852919001457\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1092852919001457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852919001457","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-8529","type":"print"},{"value":"2165-6509","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]}}}