{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T22:19:48Z","timestamp":1778969988987,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1092852920002187_sec1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients unsuccessfully treated by neurostimulation may represent a highly intractable subgroup of depression. While the efficacy of intravenous (IV) ketamine has been established in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), there is an interest to evaluate its effectiveness in a subpopulation with a history of neurostimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852920002187_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This retrospective, posthoc analysis compared the effects of four infusions of IV ketamine in 135 (x\u0304 = 44 \u00b1 15.4 years of age) neurostimulation-na\u00efve patients to 103 (x\u0304 = 47 \u00b1 13.9 years of age) patients with a history of neurostimulation. The primary outcome evaluated changes in depression severity, measured by the Quick Inventory for Depression Symptomatology-Self Report 16-Item (QIDS-SR<jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub>). Secondary outcomes evaluated suicidal ideation (SI), anxiety severity, measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7), and consummatory anhedonia, measured by the Snaith\u2013Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852920002187_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following four infusions, both cohorts reported a significant reduction in QIDS-SR<jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub> Total Score (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (4, 648) = 73.4, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), SI (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (4, 642) = 28.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), GAD-7 (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (2, 265) = 53.8, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001), and SHAPS (<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic> (2, 302) = 45.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; .001). No between-group differences emerged. Overall, the neurostimulation-na\u00efve group had a mean reduction in QIDS-SR<jats:sub>16<\/jats:sub> Total Score of 6.4 (standard deviation [SD] = 5.3), whereas the history of neurostimulation patients reported a 4.3 (SD = 5.3) point reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1092852920002187_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>IV ketamine was effective in reducing symptoms of depression, SI, anxiety, and anhedonia in both cohorts in this large, well-characterized community-based sample of adults with TRD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852920002187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T08:30:04Z","timestamp":1607589004000},"page":"315-321","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effectiveness of intravenous ketamine in mood disorder patients with a history of neurostimulation"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Nelson 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