{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:09:14Z","timestamp":1788289754868,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S109285292100033X_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The extent to which obsessive\u2013compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) are impulsive, compulsive, or both requires further investigation. We investigated the existence of different clusters in an online nonclinical sample and in which groups DSM-5 OCRDs and other related psychopathological symptoms are best placed.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S109285292100033X_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Seven hundred and seventy-four adult participants completed online questionnaires including the Cambridge\u2013Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-15), and a series of DSM-5 OCRDs symptom severity and other psychopathological measures. We used K-means cluster analysis using CHI-T and BIS responses to test three and four factor solutions. Next, we investigated whether different OCRDs symptoms predicted cluster membership using a multinomial regression model.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S109285292100033X_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The best solution identified one \u201chealthy\u201d and three \u201cclinical\u201d clusters (ie, one predominantly \u201ccompulsive\u201d group, one predominantly \u201cimpulsive\u201d group, and one \u201cmixed\u201d\u2014\u201ccompulsive and impulsive group\u201d). A multinomial regression model found obsessive\u2013compulsive, body dysmorphic, and schizotypal symptoms to be associated with the \u201cmixed\u201d and the \u201ccompulsive\u201d clusters, and hoarding and emotional symptoms to be related, on a trend level, to the \u201cimpulsive\u201d cluster. Additional analysis showed cognitive-perceptual schizotypal symptoms to be associated with the \u201cmixed\u201d but not the \u201ccompulsive\u201d group.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S109285292100033X_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder; body dysmorphic disorder and schizotypal symptoms can be mapped across the \u201ccompulsive\u201d and \u201cmixed\u201d clusters of the compulsive\u2013impulsive spectrum. Although there was a trend toward hoarding being associated with the \u201cimpulsive\u201d group, trichotillomania, and skin picking disorder symptoms did not clearly fit to the demarcated clusters.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s109285292100033x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T17:27:55Z","timestamp":1618248475000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The place of obsessive\u2013compulsive and related disorders in the compulsive\u2013impulsive spectrum: a cluster-analytic study"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-8226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo F.","family":"Fontenelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Destr\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary-Ellen","family":"Brierley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murat","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rico","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5232-6414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Albertella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7014-8121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam R.","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S109285292100033X_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2019.152155"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116070"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.03.001"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.02.006"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002185"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.1995.9.4.346"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852917000244","article-title":"Unpacking the role of self-reported compulsivity and impulsivity in obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"23","author":"Prochazkova","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r14","article-title":"Trans-diagnostic measurement of impulsivity and compulsivity: a review of self-report tools","author":"Hook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918000810"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0452-1"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00848-9"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.05.003","article-title":"Skin picking disorder with co-occurring body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Grant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450600588881"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000289003"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.4.2015.039"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005481"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.11.005"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.01.008"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199404000-00009"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867419844325"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2018.06.014"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.185"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.06.004"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.06.09.20126490"},{"key":"S109285292100033X_r2","unstructured":"2. 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