{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:21:20Z","timestamp":1778606480976,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618185600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852921000419_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Schizophrenia and deficit schizophrenia are accompanied by neurocognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to examine whether a general factor underpins impairments in key Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) probes, verbal fluency test (VFT), world list memory (WLM), True Recall, and mini mental state examination (MMSE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852921000419_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited 80 patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls. All patients were assessed using CANTAB tests, namely paired-association learning, rapid visual information processing, spatial working memory, one touch stockings of Cambridge, intra\/extradimensional set-shifting (IED), and emotional recognition test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852921000419_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that a general factor, which is essentially unidimensional, underlies those CANTAB, VFT, WLM, True Recall, and MMSE scores. This common factor shows excellent psychometric properties and fits a reflective model and, therefore, reflects a general cognitive decline (G-CoDe) comprising deficits in semantic and episodic memory, recall, executive functions, strategy use, rule acquisition, visual sustained attention, attentional set-shifting, and emotional recognition. Partial least squares analysis showed that 40.5% of the variance in G-CoDe is explained by C-C motif ligand 11, IgA to tryptophan catabolites, and increased oxidative toxicity, and that G-CoDe explains 44.8% of the variance in a general factor extracted from psychosis, hostility, excitation, mannerism, negative symptoms, formal thought disorders, and psychomotor retardation, and 40.9% in quality-of-life scores. The G-CoDe is significantly greater in deficit than in nondeficit schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852921000419_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A common core shared by a multitude of neurocognitive impairments (G-CoDe) mediates the effects of neurotoxic pathways on the phenome of (deficit) schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852921000419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]],"date-time":"2021-04-12T08:37:01Z","timestamp":1618216621000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["In (deficit) schizophrenia, a general cognitive decline partly mediates the effects of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative toxicity on the symptomatome and quality of life"],"prefix":"10.1017","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2012-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Maes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buranee","family":"Kanchanatawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852921000419_r12","unstructured":"12. 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