{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:49:17Z","timestamp":1792446557641,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852923006387_sec1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been increasingly used for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Although several meta-analyses have explored its effectiveness and safety, there is no umbrella review specifically focused on rTMS for OCD. This umbrella review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and analyzed relevant meta-analyses on rTMS for OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852923006387_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three articles were identified from PubMed, and after screening, 12 meta-analyses were included in the review. The studies analyzed in the meta-analyses ranged from 10 to 27, with total participants ranging from 282 to 791. The most commonly studied regions were the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), supplementary motor area (SMA), and orbito-frontal cortex (OFC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852923006387_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The majority of the meta-analyses consistently supported the effectiveness of rTMS in reducing OCD symptoms when applied to the DLPFC and SMA. Encouraging results were also observed when targeting the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) through deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS). However, there was a high level of heterogeneity in the findings of nine out of 12 meta-analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852923006387_sec4\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, existing evidence suggests that rTMS targeting the DLPFC and SMA consistently reduces OCD symptoms, but targeting the mPFC and ACC through dTMS shows variable results. However, the high heterogeneity in the study findings indicates a need for further research and standardization in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852923006387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T03:28:50Z","timestamp":1701833330000},"page":"109-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1107-3021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujita Kumar","family":"Kar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00edlcar","family":"Silva-dos-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-De","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852923006387_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22367","article-title":"Dissecting OCD circuits: from animal models to targeted treatments","volume":"32","author":"Ahmari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2014.06.003","article-title":"Neuromodulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"37","author":"Bais","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r1","first-page":"1764","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorders","volume":"27","author":"Mathews","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contin Minneap Minn."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r13","unstructured":"13. Office of the Commissioner, FDA. FDA Permits Marketing of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-permits-marketing-transcranial-magnetic-stimulation-treatment-obsessive-compulsive-disorder. Published March 24, 2020. Accessed May 1, 2023."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-018-9566-7","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of different cortical targets used in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)","volume":"89","author":"Rehn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S318069","article-title":"Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right orbitofrontal cortex in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder treatment: a randomized sham-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114530","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on 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magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014\u20132018)","volume":"131","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.03.022","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): an exploratory meta-analysis of randomized and sham-controlled trials","volume":"47","author":"Berlim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r21","first-page":"947","article-title":"Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized, sham-controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Perera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00105","article-title":"The hypothesis of connecting 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integrative genetic and neurobiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Pauls","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r14","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Brain stimulation approved for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"320","author":"Voelker","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3000","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3000","article-title":"Obsessive-compulsive disorder: etiology, neuropathology, and cognitive dysfunction","volume":"3","author":"Jalal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"S1092852923006387_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30069-4","article-title":"Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions for management of obsessive-compulsive disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Skapinakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet 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