{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:02:50Z","timestamp":1791205370629,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852925000185_sec1\">\n\t    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Increasing attention has been recently devoted to treatment-resistant depression (TRD); however, its clinical characteristics, potential risk factors, and course are still debated. Most recently, childhood trauma exposure has been correlated to TRD, but systematic investigation on the role of lifetime trauma is still lacking. The aim of this paper was to revise current evidence on early and recent trauma exposure in TRD.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852925000185_sec2\" sec-type=\"methods\">\n\t    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted from the 1st of June to the 20th of February 2024 in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and using the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852925000185_sec3\" sec-type=\"results\">\n\t    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>The primary database search produced a total of 1998 record, and finally, the search yielded a total of 22 publications, including 18 clinical studies, 3 case reports, and 1 case series, all from the period 2014 to 2024.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852925000185_sec4\">\n\t    <jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>Limitations include a small sample size of some studies and the lack of homogeneity in the definition of TRD. Furthermore, we only considered articles in English, we excluded preprints or abstracts, and we included case reports.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>\n\t  <jats:sec id=\"S1092852925000185_sec5\" sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n\t    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n\t    <jats:p>This review highlights the role of early and recent trauma in TRD, even in the absence of a full-blown post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), highlighting the need for a thorough assessment of trauma in patients with TRD and of its role as a therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n\t  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852925000185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:19:27Z","timestamp":1741753167000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Early or recent trauma in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Fantasia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debora","family":"Andreoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bordacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Rimoldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0520-4785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Dell\u2019Oste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"},{"name":"Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Pedrinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"},{"name":"University of Siena"},{"name":"Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Carmassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pisa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852925000185_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11ac07225"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.23135"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20230025"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2023.02.010"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.12.026"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11634"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r63","article-title":"A clinical rationale for assessing the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adjunctive subcutaneous esketamine for treatment-resistant depression","volume":"12","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2023.02.004"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r46","first-page":"261","article-title":"The emergence of ketamine as a novel treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"89","author":"Feder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Pharmacol (San Diego, Calif)"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.12.038"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa148"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e182a2705d"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.071"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1679-x"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22774"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S170645"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.11.024"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115690"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101439"},{"key":"S1092852925000185_r4","unstructured":"4. 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