{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T21:07:02Z","timestamp":1765487222185,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":303,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":114,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CNS Spectr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n\t  <jats:p>Cannabis has a long history as a medicine and was a part of medical practice until the late 19th century. The discovery of cannabidiol (CBD) and \u22069-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the mid-20th century, and then the various components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) over the following decades has again brought cannabis back into the public eye as a potential therapeutic agent. At present, cannabis is being used in the community across the world for both recreational and medical purposes. In the case of medical usage, it may be prescribed by a medical doctor or purchased either legally or illicitly for medical purposes such as symptom relief. Evidence for cannabis as a medicine is still an emerging field, and while potential mechanisms of action for a variety of conditions have been elucidated, including cancer, epilepsy, and chronic pain, high-quality randomized controlled trials in humans are still lacking. Despite popular beliefs, cannabis, like all other medicines, has potential benefits and harms, and long-term consumption of cannabis, even for medical reasons, may not be risk-free. In addition, consumption via modes of administration such as smoking or using a bong may increase the risk of negative health outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s109285292500032x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T04:45:12Z","timestamp":1745556312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recreational drugs repurposed for medicinal use\u2014cannabis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7539-9851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Armour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Sydney University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-3191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Sydney University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"S109285292500032X_r181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00881-3"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01296"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r299","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040919"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15865"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4052"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.028"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2012.1081"},{"volume-title":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research","year":"2017","key":"S109285292500032X_r91"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2017.1391294"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22682"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2409-8"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(94)90114-7"},{"volume-title":"Cannabis Inflorescence","year":"2013","author":"Upton","key":"S109285292500032X_r5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.121.000505"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26154535"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00088.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14205142"},{"volume-title":"The Ethnopharmacology of Cannabis: From the Neolithic to Now","year":"2018","author":"Sinclair","key":"S109285292500032X_r18"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14815"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1776610"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143739"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002329"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r303","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2013.849268"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(99)01073-X"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6663(88)80017-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26573-2_10"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2013.03.015"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705467"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16142"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1243-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.013"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9316-2"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r23","first-page":"4","article-title":"Cannabis series\u2014the whole story Part 3: the US Cannabis prohibition and beyond","volume":"2","author":"Mathre","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r286","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.12.002"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02331-2"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32651-4"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16110310"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2437"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.12"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0814-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MN:26:2-3:317"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101301"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NP00074F"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01013-w"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001941"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0002"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life12050682"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)01085-0"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r136","first-page":"20","article-title":"Cannabichromene, a new active principle in hashish","volume":"1","author":"Gaoni","year":"1966","journal-title":"Chem Commun"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r24","first-page":"180","article-title":"Medicinal cannabis: history, pharmacology, and implications for the acute care setting","volume":"42","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PandT"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14202"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10681-004-4756-9"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.23.2805"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.004"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-6978-1"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2014.941130"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228909"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2008.08.007"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01062a046"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-015-9608-y"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2015.01.059"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0037"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111639"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0075-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31824c5e4c"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000140288.48796.8E"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v02n03_02"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14114605"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27725"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.10.023"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01858a058"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20180023"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2012.00009"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(80)35258-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-021-01259-3"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.6"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509733"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389200217666151210142051"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.263475"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28020833"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000616"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175407"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r25","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Cannabis in Medical Practice: A Leglal, Historical and Pharmacological Overview of the Therapeutic Use of Marijuana United States","author":"Aldrich","year":"1997"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14040885"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.12.006"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2020.22.3\/mcrocq"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168576"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.3.2"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.01.018"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29328\/journal.apps.1001013"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77175-y"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r219","first-page":"389","article-title":"Medical marijuana effects in movement disorders, focus on huntington disease; a literature review","volume":"23","author":"Akinyemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00624"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.14.10.1432"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000312686"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r291","first-page":"823","volume-title":"Clinical Naturopathy: An Evidence-based Guide to Practice","author":"Sinclair","year":"2014"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3336516"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6156-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07357900903405934"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r255","first-page":"485","article-title":"Antipsychotic effect of cannabidiol","volume":"56","author":"Zuardi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.02.010"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051154"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1135"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0039"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-02840-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110738"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.04.004"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-4566"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3247"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228870"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r293","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000364"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2022.100217"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(19990901)33:3<181::AID-SYN3>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r65","unstructured":"65. Cannabis. 2024. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/mental-health-and-substance-use\/alcohol-drugs-and-addictive-behaviours\/drugs-psychoactive\/cannabis."},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1931-0846.2014.12038.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.14.8268"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002575"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r132","first-page":"2896","article-title":"Cannabinol: history, syntheses, and biological profile of the greatest \u201cMinor\u201d cannabinoid","volume":"11","author":"Maioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants (Basel)"},{"volume-title":"Advanced Clinical Naturopathic Medicine","year":"2020","author":"Sinclair","key":"S109285292500032X_r2"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r68","first-page":"103","article-title":"Molecular targets of the phytocannabinoids: a complex picture","volume":"103","author":"Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Chem Org Nat Prod"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147929"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29061249"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.03.017"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.12.032"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.12.006"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.08.002"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104040241"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176221109272"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2307-8183","article-title":"The clinical translation of alpha-humulene\u2014a scoping review","volume":"90","author":"Dalavaye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.649555"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.05.020"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040019b"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200342040-00003"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1082oa"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2024.100549"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.10.004"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.602258"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/094471102321621304"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13842"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1329"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r272","unstructured":"272. Guidance for the use of medicinal cannabis in Australia: Overview. 2017. https:\/\/www.tga.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/guidance-use-medicinal-cannabis-australia-overview.pdf (accessed February 25, 2022."},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2013.02.018"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01332-2"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7258(02)00259-0"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09876-1"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r270","first-page":"400","article-title":"Cannabis in pregnancy and lactation\u2014a review","volume":"117","author":"Polcaro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Missouri Med"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r298","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00309"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01671.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r194","first-page":"2095","article-title":"Oral cannabinoid for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r106","unstructured":"106. Cannabidiol (CBD). 2018. Critical Review Report. https:\/\/cdn.who.int\/media\/docs\/default-source\/controlled-substances\/whocbdreportmay2018-2.pdf?omnisendContactID=6324d469573db4001c1c0414&sfvrsn=f78db77_2 Accessed September 3, 2024."},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1987.tb04757.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r275","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effect of cannabis consumption during lactation on the macronutrient concentrations in breast milk","volume":"20","author":"Narayanan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.610915"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401284"},{"volume-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential","year":"2002","author":"ElSohly","key":"S109285292500032X_r59"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02862859"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707333"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03380.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.003"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5176"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2024.118359"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.03.042"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01505.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707481"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15347354221081772"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200720172624"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r297","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-06504-8"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv077"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3182297d57"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.188"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7303.16"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.784202"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r98","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetics of cannabis","volume":"25","author":"Chayasirisobhon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perm J"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90268-9"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r198","first-page":"3029","article-title":"The effect of nabilone on appetite, nutritional status, and quality of life in lung cancer patients: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Turcott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.209213"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2016.04.005"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-0169"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx4000446"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-006-0033-x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v04n01_02"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1220524"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00521.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/55.3.597"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02059809"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061667"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101154"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867413508455"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r21","volume-title":"Drugs, Alcohol and Addiction in the Long Nineteenth Century","volume":"I","author":"Malleck","year":"2020"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01491-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.02050.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00062-4"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r290","first-page":"546","article-title":"Drug interactions--principles, examples and clinical consequences","volume":"109","author":"Cascorbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00280"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318160b3f0"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1975.tb02348.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r20","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cPsychic Poisons\u201d or emerging medicines: a thematic analysis of cannabis representations in australian nineteenth-century periodicals","author":"Adler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Inquiry"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8145-9"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12025"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.721986"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0578-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r245","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2016.11.012"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05712-8"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28165980"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.01.069"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r60","first-page":"32","article-title":"Chemical ecology of Cannabis","volume":"2","author":"Pate","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Int Hemp Assoc"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00380"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704327"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r183","first-page":"85","article-title":"Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits 17\u03b2-estradiol-induced proliferation and fails to activate androgen and estrogen receptors in MCF7 human breast cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Von Bueren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23114"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r295","article-title":"Medicinal cannabis-potential drug interactions","volume":"6","author":"Alsherbiny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(02)00060-6"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.01.018"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-081519-040203"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2008.070425"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/712581"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516648113"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113203"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3846"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.004"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082323"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0939"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh110"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-018-0882-y"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7268"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03674.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jbcpp-2015-0080"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.06.104"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040660"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2021.105200"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.883987"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2001\/469629"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0116"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.10.010"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-023-00191-y"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15068"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.066"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-024-03710-9"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20111"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0091"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2011.02.017"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1766"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01879.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01865a083"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22809"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.699666"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r139","first-page":"100028","article-title":"Marijuana variant of concern: delta 8-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-8-THC, \u03948-THC)","volume":"1","author":"Bozman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res Case Rep"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-212923"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66879-0"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245792"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00392-6"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181d236ec"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118781"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2019-002032"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.777804"},{"volume-title":"A Cllinical Guide to Blending Liquid Herbs: Herbal Formulations for the Individual Patient","year":"2003","author":"Bone","key":"S109285292500032X_r168"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02599.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(97)00348-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2015.02.008"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(95)00109-D"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2040"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000016"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00115-8"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070989"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123142"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2021.105200"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r84","first-page":"431","article-title":"Therapeutic use of Cannabis sativa on chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting among cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Machado Rocha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1973143353"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28073271"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r14","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutic Potential","author":"Frankhauser","year":"2002"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666210920094504"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.6.3281"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986710790980023"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.31.6.720"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.15"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12570"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190118143014"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27206928"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0375-5"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2021.103307"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r276","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.2002.tb06004.x"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4043.62"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8668"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(63)85022-X"},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"Safety of Low Dose Cannabidiol","year":"2020","key":"S109285292500032X_r117"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00379-8"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.02.001"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.620021"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90386-G"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r302","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-2-236"},{"key":"S109285292500032X_r296","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69186-8_13"}],"container-title":["CNS Spectrums"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S109285292500032X","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T15:42:32Z","timestamp":1759851752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S109285292500032X\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":303,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"alternative-id":["S109285292500032X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s109285292500032x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-8529","2165-6509"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1092-8529"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2165-6509"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e41"}}