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Unlike traditional antidepressants, ketamine acts on multiple neurotransmitter systems, including NMDA receptor antagonism and AMPA receptor potentiation, offering a novel mechanism for mood regulation. Beyond psychiatry, ketamine remains a valuable anesthetic and analgesic agent with applications in acute and chronic pain management. Its anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and potential antitumor properties further underscore its versatility in clinical medicine. Despite its therapeutic promise, ketamine poses challenges due to its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects, contributing to widespread recreational use. Chronic misuse is associated with adverse health outcomes, including bladder dysfunction and hepatobiliary complications. As a result, ketamine has been subject to increasing regulatory scrutiny, balancing its medical utility with concerns about abuse potential. The rediscovery of ketamine\u2019s antidepressant effects in the early 2000s has revolutionized psychiatric treatment, particularly in TRD and suicidality. Recent studies have also explored its efficacy in bipolar depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and substance use disorders, expanding its therapeutic applications. Additionally, ongoing research aims to elucidate its long-term effects and optimize dosing regimens to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing risks. This review highlights ketamine\u2019s multifaceted pharmacological properties, its evolution from an anesthetic to a novel psychiatric treatment, and its broader medical applications. As research advances, a comprehensive understanding of ketamine\u2019s mechanisms and clinical implications will be crucial for optimizing its therapeutic potential while mitigating its risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852925100333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T03:50:36Z","timestamp":1751255436000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ketamine in clinical practice: transitioning from anesthetic agent to psychiatric therapeutic"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jose Manuel","family":"Quintero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sqgkj21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de La Sabana and Cl\u00ednica Universidad de La Sabana"},{"name":"Universidad de La Sabana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0243-2299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Helena","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sqgkj21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de La Sabana and Cl\u00ednica Universidad de La Sabana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon","family":"Lechtig-Wassermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02sqgkj21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"Universidad de La Sabana and Cl\u00ednica Universidad de La Sabana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephania","family":"Beltran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de La Sabana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Carlos A.","family":"Zarate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1092852925100333_r110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2011.03566.x"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2017.1285219"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2009.07.008"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200002000-00031"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0570-x"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17010016"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r37","first-page":"e23647","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of ketamine in mental health disorders: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Sepulveda Ramos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus."},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2016.05.016"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1776699"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.12.025"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.12.004"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12099"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02761.x"},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r117","first-page":"442","article-title":"Effect of three different doses of ketamine prior to general anaesthesia on postoperative pain following Caesarean delivery: a prospective randomized study","volume":"78","author":"Bilgen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"S1092852925100333_r48","unstructured":"48. 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