{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T19:10:02Z","timestamp":1741806602652,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]],"date-time":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":2505,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Aims<\/jats:bold>\u2014 The present review is aimed to evaluate the recent contribution of brain imaging techniques to the definition of neuroanatomofunctional models of panic disorder (PD).<jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\u2014 Structural and functional brain imaging studies of PD, conducted from January 1993 to October 2003 and selected through a comprehensive Medline search (key-words: panic disorder, emotions, brain imaging, EEG, Event-Related Potentials, MRI, fMRI, PET, SPECT, TC) were included in the review. The Medline search has been complemented by bibliographic cross-referencing.<jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\u2014 The majority of the reviewed studies suggests that a dysfunction of a neural circuit encompassing prefrontal and temporo-Iimbic cortices is present in PD. A right hemisphere preferential involvement in PD has been shown by several studies.<jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\u2014 Reviewed neuroimaging studies suggest a dysfunction of frontal and temporo-Iimbic circuitries in PD. However, those studies cannot be considered conclusive because of several methodological limitations. Longitudinal and multi-modal studies involving larger patient samples, possibly integrated with population-based and genetic studies, would provide more insight into pathophysiological mechanisms of PD.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Declaration of Interest: Authors declare that none of them had any known real, potential, or apparent conflict of interest and that there was no business or personal interest that might be relevant to the topic of this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1121189x00001755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]],"date-time":"2011-10-11T15:23:44Z","timestamp":1318346624000},"page":"237-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The contribution of brain imaging to the study of panic disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Umberto","family":"Volpe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Merlotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armida","family":"Mucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Galderisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00065-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90484-9"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.78"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref087","first-page":"358","article-title":"EEG abnormalities in patients with atypical panic attacks","volume":"56","author":"Weilburg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.5.1.50","article-title":"Focal paroxysmal EEG changes during atypical panic attacks","volume":"5","author":"Weilburg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychialry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(00)00055-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(87)90011-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270170054"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref085","first-page":"219","article-title":"Panic attacks and psychomotor seizures following right temporal Iobectomy","volume":"41","author":"Wall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.11.1057"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020302.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.4.442","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow changes during sodium-lactate-induced panic attacks","volume":"145","author":"Stewart","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00487-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.4.469","article-title":"The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder","volume":"143","author":"Reiman","year":"1986","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1087"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.4.404","article-title":"Correlation of severity of panic disorder and neuroanatomical changes on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"1","author":"Ontiveros","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatrx and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(96)03003-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00094-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000287057"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon2000102120"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1995.tb01621.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00503-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.883"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830160021003"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.3.566"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.7.1105","article-title":"Alexithymia in panic disorder and simple phobia: A comparative study","volume":"150","author":"Parker","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.8.715"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00439-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200112210-00020"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref041","first-page":"215","article-title":"Auditory evoked potentials in panic disorder","volume":"16","author":"Knott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029157"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000287065"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.1.57","article-title":"Preliminary application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy to investigate lactate-induced panic","volume":"151","author":"Dager","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)80032-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000070587"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1684\/j.1950-6945.2003.tb00569.x","article-title":"Panic attack semiology in right temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"5","author":"Sazgar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epileptic Disorders"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.4.517","article-title":"Infrequent occurrence of EEG abnormalities in panic disorder","volume":"146","author":"Stein","year":"1989","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(91)72098-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/155005949602700106"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref030","first-page":"270","article-title":"Anxiety attacks in a patient with a right temporal lobe meningioma","volume":"47","author":"Ghadirian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref062","first-page":"186","article-title":"P300 topography and emotional processing in panic disorder","volume":"15","author":"Mucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Topography"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01355-0"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.4.508","article-title":"Patients with panic attacks and abnormal EEG results","volume":"144","author":"Edlund","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90004-W"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref084","first-page":"143","article-title":"Panic attacks and temporal lobe seizures associated with a right temporal lobe arteriovenous malformation: case report","volume":"46","author":"Wall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90458-E"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.3.1610"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/310683a0"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1083"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00348-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00188-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.493"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00300-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref038","first-page":"240","article-title":"Panic attacks and 24-hour ambulatory EEG monitoring","volume":"150","author":"Jabourian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Annales Medico-Psvchologiques, Revue Psvchiatrique"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref064","first-page":"261","article-title":"Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder","volume":"3","author":"Nordahl","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90140-H"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1180","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of CCK4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"152","author":"Benkelfat","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal ofPsvchiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PSY.0000097339.75789.81"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00288-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00066-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.1.70"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.158.3.426"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref020","first-page":"28","article-title":"Fear episodes due to limbic seizures with normal ictal scalp EEG: a subdural electrographic study","volume":"50","author":"Devinsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(84)72948-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410080619"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00062-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1076"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199504000-00159"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90004-L"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.7.918","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion","volume":"154","author":"Reiman","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00299-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00045391-200301000-00014"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1999)9:3<101::AID-DA1>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.6.556"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.2.198","article-title":"The neuroanatomy of 5-HT dysregulation and panic disorder","volume":"9","author":"Grove","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.3.378","article-title":"Abnormal brain hemodynamic responses during passive orthostatic challenge in panic disorder","volume":"154","author":"Faravelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(95)71632-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(95)00019-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(62)80022-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90068-E"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199106000-00013"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.171.4.346"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref049","first-page":"38","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety and depression: what are the links?","volume":"62","author":"Lydiard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatiy"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70096-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200303030-00006"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)00105-0"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00026-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.9.1178"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110026004"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00036-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00001755_ref059","first-page":"28","article-title":"Depression, anxiety and the gastrointestinal system","volume":"62","author":"Mayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1121189X00001755","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T18:34:22Z","timestamp":1741804462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1121189X00001755\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1121189X00001755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1121189x00001755","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-7960","2045-7979"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2045-7960"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2045-7979"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}