{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:22:26Z","timestamp":1791264146066,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":165,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]],"date-time":"2011-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":3419,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>RIASSUNTO<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Scopo<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013 Gli studi con Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare (RMN) hanno permesso la valutazione in vivo dell'anatomia cerebrale di vari disturbi psichiatrici e l'approfondimento degli ipotetici circuiti cerebrali disfunzionali coinvolti nella patofisiologia di queste malattie. In questo articolo abbiamo revisionato la letteratura comprendente gli studi con RMN condotti nei disturbi dell'umore e d'ansia. Metodi \u2013 Tutti gli studi in Inglese con RMN condotti in pazienti con disturbo dell'umore o d'ansia pubblicati tra il 1966 ed il gennaio 2002 sono stati identificati attraverso una ricerca Medline, completata dall'analisi manuale delle referenze bibliografiche.\n                    <jats:bold>Risultati<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013 Differenti aree anatomiche cerebrali sembrano essere coinvolte nei diversi sottotipi di disturbo dell'umore. Infatti, l'ippocampo ed i gangli della base sembrano essere anormali nei disturbo unipolare, mentre l'amigdala ed il cervelletto in quello bipolare. Questo suggerisce che le due malattie abbiano un substrata biologico distinto. Per quanto riguarda i disturbi d'ansia, le regioni orbito-frontali ed i gangli della base sembrano avere un'anatomia anormale nei disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo, i lobi temporali nei disturbo da attacchi di panico e l'ippocampo nei disturbo post-traumatico da stress.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusioni<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013 I dati della letteratura riassunti in questo articolo suggeriscono che specifiche aree cerebrali siano coinvolte nella patofisiologia dei disturbi dell'umore e d'ansia. Tuttavia, gli studi a tutt'oggi a disposizione sono stati condotti su campioni relativamente piccoli di soggetti, spesso sottoposti a medicamenti psicotropi, e sono in gran parte studi trasversali. Per tale motivo gli studi con RMN in futuro dovranno avere un disegno di tipo longitudinale ed arruolare campioni pi\u00f9 ampi di soggetti, possibilmente senza trattamento psicofarmacologico, al primo episodio di malattia o ad alto rischio di sviluppare un disturbo dell'umore o d'ansia. Inoltre, l'associazione di questo tipo di ricerche con studi di tipo genetico potranno essere estremamente utili per separare anomalie anatomiche cerebrali di stato da quelle di tratto e per ulteriormente caratterizzare la patofisiologia di questi disturbi.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1121189x00005558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]],"date-time":"2011-10-11T11:24:26Z","timestamp":1318332266000},"page":"88-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Anatomical MRI findings in mood and anxiety disorders"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Barale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgardo","family":"Caverzasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jair Constante","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(87)90020-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00045-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.157.1.115"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref021","first-page":"SI","article-title":"MRI study of corpus callosum abnormalities in bipolar disorder patients","volume":"49","author":"Brambilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.8.1248"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014162"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.5.687","article-title":"Basal ganglia volumes and white matter hyperintensities in patients with bipolar disorder","volume":"151","author":"Aylward","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.10.1384"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008405"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(91)90001-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00063-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref084","first-page":"29","article-title":"Lateral ventricular size, psychopathology, and medication response in the psychoses","volume":"19","author":"Luchins","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00836-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00978-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref076","first-page":"177s","article-title":"Anatomical MRI studies corpus callosum in unipolar depression","volume":"51","author":"Lacerda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychi"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/depr.3050010307"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00608-9"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950210041009"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.3908"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)90698-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref040","first-page":"261","article-title":"Neuroanatomical circuits in depression: implications for treatment mechanisms [Review]","volume":"28","author":"Drevets","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.6.842","article-title":"Decreased regional cortical gray matter volume in schizophrenia","volume":"151","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810290094018","article-title":"Reduction of temporal lobe volume in bipolar disorder: a preliminary report of magnetic resonance imaging [letter]","volume":"48","author":"Altshuler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060033004"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(82)90014-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000012361"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref150","first-page":"137","article-title":"Computerized tomography of the brain in manic-depressive patients\u2013a controlled study","volume":"36","author":"Tanaka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Folia Psychiatrica and Neurologica Japonica"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386824a0"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref099","first-page":"439","article-title":"Cortical atrophy in schizophrenia and mania: a comparative CT study","volume":"43","author":"Nasrallah","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref064","first-page":"741","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychological studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"18","author":"Insel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119901300418"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.6.527"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)92266-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00042-0"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref002","unstructured":"Alexander G.E. , Crutcher M.D. & DeLong M.R. (1990). Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, \u201cprefrontal\u201d and \u201climbic\u201d functions. Progress in Brain Researches, 119\u2013146."},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(92)90005-O"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref022","first-page":"192s","article-title":"Corpus callosum signal intensity in bipolar and unipolar disorder patients","volume":"51","author":"Brambilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01042-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830070021006"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.3.363","article-title":"Computerized tomography and neuropsychological tet measures in adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"141","author":"Behar","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19970701-10"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191522"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199909)14:9<711::AID-GPS4>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.5.620","article-title":"White matter hyperintensity signals in psychiatric and nonpsychiatric subjects","volume":"149","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(99)00028-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(87)90011-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05186.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref004","first-page":"663","article-title":"Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity [letter]","volume":"55","author":"Altshuler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90416-Y"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00296-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950210029008"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1999.720879.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(97)00073-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700005110"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.3.254"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.9.3.471","article-title":"Limbic-cortical dysregulation: a proposed model of depression","volume":"9","author":"Mayberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00162-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830210068007"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.2.187","article-title":"Subcortical hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and depressed elderly subjects","volume":"147","author":"Coffey","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref018","first-page":"SI","article-title":"Are amygdala volumes abnormal in bipolar disorder patients?","volume":"49","author":"Brambilla","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90140-9"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01080-0"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540080076020"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130009002"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(01)00036-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(91)90116-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref089","first-page":"A42","article-title":"Brain networks in conditioned anticipatory anxiety in normal volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Malizia","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810130057008"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000054897"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.8.2.125","article-title":"Anatomy and function of the orbital frontal cortex, I: anatomy, neurocircuitry, and obsessivecompulsive disorder","volume":"8","author":"Zald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.4.493"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820070047007"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00950-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700017025"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(93)90046-J"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.4.387","article-title":"Hippocampal abnormalities in depression","volume":"3","author":"Krishnan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01105-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref017","unstructured":"Brambilla P. , Harenski K. , Nicoletti M. , Mallinger A.G. , Frank E. , Kupfer D.J. , Keshavan M.S. & Soares J.C. (2001b). Anatomical MRI study of subgenual prefrontal cortex in bipolar and unipolar disorder patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. (in press)."},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90306-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-2-256"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00341-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.7.973","article-title":"MRI-based measurement of hippocampal volume in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"152","author":"Bremner","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1091","article-title":"Subgenual cingulate cortex volume in first-episode psychosis","volume":"156","author":"Hirayasu","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90004-L"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.9.1212","article-title":"MRI signal hyperintensities in geriatric depression","volume":"153","author":"Greenwald","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.1.18","article-title":"Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: a comparison of normal and bipolar subjects","volume":"3","author":"Figiel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00229-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(92)90024-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1984.tb01208.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700027847"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.2.128","article-title":"Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"1","author":"Hauser","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90100-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00154-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020302.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)91297-5","article-title":"MRI of corpus callosum and septum pellucidum in depression [letter[","volume":"29","author":"Husain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.1.33","article-title":"Brain injury and cognitive function in late-onset psychotic depression","volume":"3","author":"Lesser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950170067009"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.7.820","article-title":"Ventricular and sulcal size at the onset of psychosis","volume":"145","author":"Iacono","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000117275"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90015-D"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.6.736"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00123-8"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.179.4.330"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(84)90133-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.12.1989","article-title":"Absence of striatal volume differences between depressed subjects with no comorbid medical illness and matched comparison subjects","volume":"156","author":"Lenze","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref080","first-page":"190","article-title":"Toward an integrative understanding of social phobia","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.5.667","article-title":"Cerebellar vermis dimensions on computerized tomographic scans of schizophrenic and bipolar patients","volume":"139","author":"Lippmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref083","first-page":"13","article-title":"Cerebral CAT scan imaging in schizophrenic and bipolar patients","volume":"83","author":"Lippmann","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the Kentucky Medical Association"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00105-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.145.9.1089","article-title":"Neuroanatomical abnormalities in obsessive-compulsive disorder determined with quantitative x-ray computed tomography","volume":"145","author":"Luxenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(99)00019-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref087","volume-title":"Pituitary morphology in treatment-naive pediatric OCD","author":"MacMaster","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref090","first-page":"S301","article-title":"Neural correlates of anxiety provocation in social phobia","volume":"5","author":"Malizia","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref075","first-page":"124s","article-title":"Anatomical study of basal gani in major depressive disorder","volume":"51","author":"Lacerda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00964-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90098-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/383812a0"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00373-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03160062"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710003777X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00048-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref107","first-page":"47","article-title":"Investigating the pathogenesis of posttraumatic stress disorder with neuroimaging","volume":"62","author":"Pitman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(94)90118-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.617","article-title":"Cortical magnetic resonance imaging changes in elderly inpatients with major depression","volume":"148","author":"Rabins","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref121","unstructured":"Sassi R.B. , Nicoletti M. , Brambilla P. , Harenski K. , Mallinger A.G. , Frank E. , Kupfer D.J. , Keshavan M.S. & Soares JC (2001a): White matter hyperintensities in bipolar and unipolar mood disorder subjects. Bipolar Disorders 3 (SI) [abstract 105]."},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref114","first-page":"95","article-title":"Limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and ventricular-to-brain ratio studies in affective illness and schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Risch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.7.893","article-title":"Ventricular abnormalities in affective disorder: clinical and demographic correlates","volume":"147","author":"Andreasen","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(97)00163-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(01)00073-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref118","first-page":"56","article-title":"A computerized tomographic study in patients with depressive disorder: a comparison with schizophrenic patients and controls","volume":"89","author":"Rossi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ada Psychiatrica Belgica"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01086-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref123","unstructured":"Sassi R.B. , Nicoletti M. , Brambilla P. , Mallinger A.G. , Frank E. , Kupfer D.J. , Keshavan M.S. & Soares J.C. (unpublished data). Increased gray matter volumes in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients."},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.4.465","article-title":"Cerebellar atrophy in schizophrenia and affective disorder","volume":"144","author":"Yates","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.139"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70181-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000297870","article-title":"Neuroimaging and frontal-subcortical circuitry in obsessivecompulsive disorder","volume":"35","author":"Saxena","year":"1998","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.4.404","article-title":"Correlation of severity of panic disorder and neuroanatomical changes on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"1","author":"Ontiveros","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00015-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(91)90020-S"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1992.tb03214.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05034.1999"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00006-6"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00016-2"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7162(1996)4:1<14::AID-DEPR2>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref140","unstructured":"Soares J.C. , Figueroa R. , Brambilla P. , Harenski K. , Nicoletti M. , Mallinger A.G. , Frank E. , Kupfer D.J. & Keshavan M.S. (unpublished data). Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex abnormalities in bipolar disorder patients."},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00829-5"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90046-3"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(93)90026-E"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810230070011"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.913"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10146.x"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref091","first-page":"82","article-title":"Lithium up-regulates the cytoprotective protein Bcl-2 in the CNS in vivo: a role for neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects in manic depressive illness","volume":"61","author":"Manji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2001.21840"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(00)00055-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290070014004"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00363-0"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90073-S"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(95)02592-L"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)00042-X"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1990.00530100075016"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1996.01830070073011"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(83)90095-1"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90124-7"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00041-4"},{"key":"S1121189X00005558_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00971-9"}],"container-title":["Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1121189X00005558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,10]],"date-time":"2023-06-10T06:34:48Z","timestamp":1686378888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1121189X00005558\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"references-count":165,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1121189X00005558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1121189x00005558","relation":{},"ISSN":["1121-189X","2038-1816"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1121-189X","type":"print"},{"value":"2038-1816","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}}}