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The relative contribution of ethnic background, neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES), age, and gender was assessed. Findings revealed that ethnic background, neighborhood SES, and age differentially predicted children's pre-literacy skills. The implications of these results for understanding the role played by these demographic and socio-cultural variables in alphabetic literacy acquisition are discussed. The second purpose of this study was to add to the growing literature on the nature of reading challenges in children who are learning to read a transparent orthography-Spanish. Cross-linguistic research between different subtypes of readers will add to understand the impact of language characteristics in reading acquisition. Finally, the present study suggested that early assessment of pre-literacy skills can be a highly effective way to determine the instructional needs of students who are at risk for reading failure before formal reading instruction begins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1138741600001505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,15]],"date-time":"2013-03-15T15:51:21Z","timestamp":1363362681000},"page":"84-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Early Predictors of Reading in Three Groups of Native Spanish Speakers: Spaniards, Gypsies, and Latin Americans"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"L\u00f3pez-Escribano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas A.","family":"Beltr\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01027087"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref056","volume-title":"Dyslexia, fluency, and the brain","author":"Wimmer","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.101.2.192"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(84)90120-6"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref025","volume-title":"The Black-White test score gap","author":"Jencks","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref047","first-page":"70","article-title":"Dual language abilities of bilingual four-year olds: Initial findings from the early childhood study of language and literacy development of Spanish-speaking children","author":"Tabors","year":"2003","journal-title":"NABE Journal of Research and Practice"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3492-9_5"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5826.2004.00106.x"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1174\/021435501753635523"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712603321661859"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cognitive processes in early reading development: A model of acquisition and individual differences","volume":"1","author":"Share","year":"1995","journal-title":"Issues in Education: Contributions from Educational Psychology"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2003\/004)"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700503"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref043","volume-title":"Unfulfilled expectations: Home and school influences on literacy","author":"Snow","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref035","volume-title":"Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0601_03"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-476X(02)00002-4"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.36.3.2"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref049","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Word recognition in beginning literacy","author":"Torgesen","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590344000196"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref016","volume-title":"Test de Vocabulario en im\u00e1genes PEABODY [Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test]","author":"Dunn","year":"1986"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.55016\/ojs\/ajer.v45i4.54713","article-title":"Theory-based prediction of early reading","volume":"45","author":"Kirby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alberta Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_3"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref022","volume-title":"SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update","author":"George","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1138741600001505_ref021","volume-title":"Discriminaci\u00f3n y Comunidad Gitana. 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