{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:25:07Z","timestamp":1793755507934,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]],"date-time":"2014-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1397088000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":1986,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Span. J. Psychol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tonic immobility is a basic defense strategy which has not been studied in depth in humans. Data suggest that it may be a relatively frequent phenomenon in victims of rape and sexual abuse, but its occurrence has not been systematically explored in other types of trauma. We carried out a retrospective study in a sample of 100 university students to establish whether tonic immobility varies depending on the nature of the worst trauma experienced, defined subjectively by each participant. Immobility was assessed using the Tonic Immobility Scale and traumas were assessed using the modified Traumatic Events Questionnaire. Seventy percent of the sample had experienced trauma of some kind. There were no significant differences in tonic immobility between different types of trauma (e.g., physical abuse, assault or aggression, serious accident), except that the mean tonic immobility score was significantly higher in the group with trauma due to physical\/psychological or sexual abuse than in the group with trauma due to receiving news of the mutilation, serious injury, or violent or sudden death of a loved one. We conclude tentatively that tonic immobility may be typical not only of sexual traumas, but of other kinds of directly experienced traumas as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1138741600004510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,23]],"date-time":"2014-12-23T01:48:10Z","timestamp":1419299290000},"page":"516-521","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Traumatic Events and Tonic Immobility"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Arturo","family":"Bados","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugeni","family":"Garc\u00eda-Grau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024485130934"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.08.005"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03394619"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref007","volume-title":"The Tonic Immobility Scale","author":"Forsyth","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490070209"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20142"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107319119600300102"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref019","first-page":"261","article-title":"Brief screening for traumatic life events in female university health service patients","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/088626093008001008"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref001","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, DSM-IV-TR","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852900001954"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref004","first-page":"16","article-title":"The epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: What is the extent of the problem?","volume":"62","author":"Breslau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref006","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.05.004"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref010","volume-title":"The psychology of fear and stress","author":"Gray","year":"1987"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref014","volume-title":"Fears, Phobias and Rituals: Panic, Anxiety, and their Disorders","author":"Marks","year":"1987"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref015","first-page":"79","article-title":"Situaciones traum\u00e1ticas: Un estudio sobre su prevalencia en poblaci\u00f3n universitaria","volume":"13","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psicolog\u00eda Conductual"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.984"},{"key":"S1138741600004510_ref013","first-page":"539","article-title":"Why people \u2018freeze\u2019 in an emergency: Temporal and cognitive constraints on survival responses","volume":"75","author":"Leach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine"}],"container-title":["The Spanish Journal of Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1138741600004510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T18:05:43Z","timestamp":1556647543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1138741600004510\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1138741600004510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1138741600004510","relation":{},"ISSN":["1138-7416","1988-2904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1138-7416","type":"print"},{"value":"1988-2904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]}}}