{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:44:19Z","timestamp":1790761459905,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1239926400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Cogn. Psychother."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> This paper draws on cognitive psychology research and clinical observation to propose a model for the formation of auditory hallucinations that are located externally, and experienced in noisy environments. <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> This model highlights a series of cognitive processes that may make an individual prone to detecting false positives, i.e. believing they have heard something that is absent. A case study is used to illustrate the model. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> It is suggested that the false positives may be a by-product of a perceptual system that has evolved to reduce false negatives in conditions of threat. The term hypervigilance hallucination is proposed for this type of experience. <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The clinical implications of the model are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465809005244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]],"date-time":"2009-04-17T09:11:14Z","timestamp":1239959474000},"page":"325-334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Avoiding False Negatives: Are Some Auditory Hallucinations an Evolved Design Flaw?"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Guy","family":"Dodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-18","volume-title":"General Psychopathology.","author":"Jaspers","year":"1962"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.130.1.61"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(03)00092-6"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0026699"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465801003010"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291702006384"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0039515"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470215908416289"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-13","volume-title":"Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics","author":"Green","year":"1966"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-31","volume-title":"Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders (2nd ed.)","author":"Williams","year":"1988"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1981.tb01454.x"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701003312"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90116-C"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2008.1.3.181"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022534613005"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199810000-00003"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170001240X"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-12","volume-title":"Depression: the evolution of powerlessness","author":"Gilbert","year":"1992"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-26","first-page":"78","article-title":"Intelligibility of excerpts from fluent speech: auditory vs. structural context","volume":"3","author":"Pollock","year":"1964","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170001240X"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270200000"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546800344000174"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003381X"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-5","volume-title":"The Red Badge of Courage","author":"Crane","year":"1895"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465804001924"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780198528883.001.0001"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-20","volume-title":"Attention and Effort","author":"Kahneman","year":"1973"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01331.x"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466502760387461"},{"key":"S1352465809005244_manual_ref-30","volume-title":"Attention and Emotion: a clinical perspective","author":"Wells","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1352465809005244","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,21]],"date-time":"2025-06-21T08:58:01Z","timestamp":1750496281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1352465809005244\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1352465809005244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1352465809005244","relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-4658","1469-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-4658","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,17]]}}}