{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:30:04Z","timestamp":1780957804567,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Cogn. Psychother."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1352465822000492_as1\"><jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Safety behaviours are hypothesized to play a vital role in maintaining social anxiety disorder (SAD), in part by orienting socially anxious individuals to adopt an avoidance-based mindset focused on self-protection and self-concealment. Evidence suggests an association between safety behaviour use and negative social outcomes for individuals with SAD. However, research has largely focused on the broad group of safety behaviours, whereas specific subtypes have received less attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1352465822000492_as2\"><jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed to further our understanding of the negative interpersonal consequences of specific types of safety behaviours for individuals with SAD by examining whether active, inhibiting\/restricting, or physical symptom management safety behaviour use affects perceived likeability and authenticity during a conversation with a stranger.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1352465822000492_as3\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with SAD (<jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 29; mean age 35.5 years) and healthy control (non-SAD) participants (<jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic> 40; mean age 18.6 years) engaged in a semi-structured social interaction with trained confederates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1352465822000492_as4\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with SAD were perceived as significantly less likeable and authentic by the confederates, and rated themselves as significantly less authentic compared with those without SAD. The association between group status and likeability was mediated by the use of inhibiting\/restricting safety behaviours and the association between group status and participant-rated authenticity was mediated by the use of both inhibiting\/restricting and active safety behaviours, but not physical symptom management strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1352465822000492_as5\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results contribute to a growing literature suggesting that some, but not all, safety behaviours may play an important role in creating the negative social outcomes that individuals with SAD experience.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465822000492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T09:05:20Z","timestamp":1668503120000},"page":"46-60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The impact of particular safety behaviours on perceived likeability and authenticity during interpersonal interactions in social anxiety disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Grishma","family":"Dabas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Rowa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Moscovitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randi E.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2008.08.003","article-title":"Videotaped experiments to drop safety behaviors and self-focused attention for patients with social anxiety disorder: do they change subjective and objective evaluations of anxiety and performance?","volume":"40","author":"Furukawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.12.002","article-title":"Why social anxiety persists: an experimental investigation of the role of safety behaviours as a maintaining factor","volume":"39","author":"McManus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-012-9929-3","article-title":"On the relationship among social anxiety, intimacy, sexual communication, and sexual satisfaction in young couples","volume":"42","author":"Montesi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety disorders. In Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edn). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.744053","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596.744053"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref22","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach","author":"Hayes","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0223165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223165","article-title":"Sub-types of safety behaviours and their effects on social anxiety disorder","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2008.04.002","article-title":"What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Moscovitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Practice"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013173","article-title":"Interpretation bias in social anxiety as detected by event-related brain potentials","volume":"8","author":"Moser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702615622204","article-title":"Unmasking one\u2019s true self facilitates positive relational outcomes: authenticity promotes social approach processes in social anxiety disorder","volume":"4","author":"Plasencia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.6.1054","article-title":"Interpersonal consequences of overt self-criticism: A comparison with neutral and self-enhancing presentations of self","volume":"54","author":"Powers","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300011472","article-title":"The importance of behaviour in the maintenance of anxiety and panic: a cognitive account","volume":"19","author":"Salkovskis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Behavioural Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref12","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social Phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and Treatment","author":"Clark","year":"1995"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.85.2.186","article-title":"Depression and the response of others","volume":"85","author":"Coyne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-007-9143-0","article-title":"Hiding the self and social anxiety: the Core Extrusion Schema Measure","volume":"33","author":"Rodebaugh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00022-3","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia","volume":"35","author":"Rapee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1891\/jcop.20.1.17","article-title":"Safety behaviors and social performance in patients with generalized social phobia","volume":"20","author":"Stangier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.457","article-title":"Self-disclosure and liking: a meta-analytic review","volume":"116","author":"Collins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.379","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale","volume":"176","author":"Connor","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry: Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-013-9546-z","article-title":"Social anxiety and gaze avoidance: averting gaze but not anxiety","volume":"37","author":"Langer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000622","article-title":"How real do you feel? Self- and partner-authenticity in social anxiety disorder","volume":"130","author":"Asher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.05.002","article-title":"A self-report measure of subtle avoidance and safety behaviors relevant to social anxiety: development and psychometric properties","volume":"23","author":"Cuming","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.06.011","article-title":"Peer behavior toward socially anxious adolescents: classroom observations","volume":"45","author":"Bl\u00f6te","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.06.005","article-title":"Social skills and social phobia: an investigation of DSM-IV subtypes","volume":"48","author":"Beidel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1348\/014466508X334745","article-title":"Social rejection in social anxiety disorder: the role of performance deficits, evoked negative emotions and dissimilarity","volume":"47","author":"Voncken","year":"2008","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.10.003","article-title":"Relational treatment strategies increase social approach behaviors in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"25","author":"Alden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2005.33.2.201","article-title":"Construction of a new scale: the Reysen Likability Scale","volume":"33","author":"Reysen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Social Behavior and Personality"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.11.004","article-title":"A false sense of security: safety behaviors erode objective speech performance in individuals with social anxiety disorder","volume":"46","author":"Rowa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90024-O","article-title":"Cognitive processes in social phobia","volume":"31","author":"Stopa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022127","article-title":"To see ourselves as others see us: an experimental integration of the intra and interpersonal consequences of self-protection in social anxiety disorder","volume":"120","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.07.005","article-title":"Differential effects of safety behaviour subtypes in social anxiety disorder","volume":"49","author":"Plasencia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.016","article-title":"Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia","volume":"47","author":"Sparrevohn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref29","volume-title":"Diagnostic Assessment Research Tool (DART)","author":"McCabe","year":"2017"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00088-2","article-title":"Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions","volume":"33","author":"Alden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.59.5.941","article-title":"Gender, language, and influence","volume":"59","author":"Carli","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2015.11.005","article-title":"Safety behaviors in adults with social anxiety: review and future directions","volume":"47","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.05.004","article-title":"Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms","volume":"50","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167213508791","article-title":"Value judgments and the true self","volume":"40","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.06.004","article-title":"Not self-focused attention but negative beliefs affect poor social performance in social anxiety: an investigation of pathways in the social anxiety-social rejection relationship","volume":"48","author":"Voncken","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9449-4","article-title":"Socially anxious individuals get a second chance after being disliked at first sight: the role of self-disclosure in the development of likeability in sequential social contact","volume":"37","author":"Voncken","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297234003","article-title":"The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: a procedure and some preliminary findings","volume":"23","author":"Aron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00072-7","article-title":"Interpersonal consequences of the pursuit of safety","volume":"36","author":"Alden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.07.006","article-title":"Interpersonal processes in social phobia","volume":"24","author":"Alden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223165","article-title":"Sub-Types of safety behaviours and their effects on social anxiety disorder","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.1.125","article-title":"Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety","volume":"116","author":"Heerey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(98)00037-3","article-title":"Social anxiety: from the inside and outside","volume":"25","author":"Creed","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000306","article-title":"Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder","volume":"86","author":"Alden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(02)00021-6","article-title":"The effect of situational structure on the social performance of socially anxious and non-anxious participants","volume":"33","author":"Thompson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.64.6.1000","article-title":"Anxiety and self-disclosure: toward a motivational model","volume":"64","author":"Meleshko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2011.05.009","article-title":"Retrieval properties of negative vs. positive mental images and autobiographical memories in social anxiety: outcomes with a new measure","volume":"49","author":"Moscovitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1055","article-title":"Mini-SPIN: a brief screening assessment for generalized social anxiety disorder","volume":"14","author":"Connor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2017.03.007","article-title":"The affective tie that binds: Examining the contribution of positive emotions and anxiety to relationship formation in social anxiety disorder","volume":"49","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.09.010","article-title":"Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships","volume":"48","author":"Cuming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models","volume":"40","author":"Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"S1352465822000492_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000106","article-title":"Negative self-imagery in social anxiety contaminates social interactions","volume":"12","author":"Hirsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Memory"}],"container-title":["Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1352465822000492","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T05:49:16Z","timestamp":1682660956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1352465822000492\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1352465822000492"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1352465822000492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1352-4658","1469-1833"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1352-4658","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-1833","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]}}}