{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:17:04Z","timestamp":1790666224026,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Cogn. Psychother."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melanie Fennell\u2019s (1997) seminal cognitive approach to low self-esteem was published in <jats:italic>Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy<\/jats:italic>. The current paper proposes a refined model, drawing on social theories, and research with people with socially devalued characteristics. This model emphasises how self-esteem relates to perceptions of one\u2019s value in the eyes of others. It is proposed that core beliefs typical of low self-esteem relate to one\u2019s value in relation to personal adequacy (e.g. having worth or status) and\/or to social connection (e.g. being liked, loved, accepted or included). In each of these value domains, beliefs about both the self (e.g. \u2018I am a failure\u2019, \u2018I am unlovable\u2019) and others (e.g. \u2018Others look down on me\u2019, \u2018Others don\u2019t care about me\u2019) are considered important. The model suggests that everyone monitors their value but in people with low self-esteem, cognitive biases associated with underlying beliefs occur. In the context of trigger situations, this results in a greater likelihood of negative appraisals of perceived threat to one\u2019s value. Such appraisals activate underlying negative beliefs, resulting in negative mood (e.g. low mood, anxiety, shame, disgust) and other responses that maintain low self-esteem. Responses which can be used excessively or in unhelpful ways include (a) corrective behaviours; (b) compensatory strategies; (c) increased value monitoring; (d) safety-seeking behaviours; (e) rumination; (f) unhelpful mood regulation responses. These responses can adversely impact daily functioning or health, having the counterproductive effect of maintaining negative beliefs about one\u2019s value. Examples are provided for low self-esteem in lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1352465823000048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T08:10:06Z","timestamp":1683879006000},"page":"579-594","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Low self-esteem: a refined cognitive behavioural model"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2634-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine A.","family":"Rimes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Livia","family":"Bridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.04.006"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.1.4"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016441"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.06.025"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00334"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212437250"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.09.005"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.12.002"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref6","volume-title":"Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders","author":"Beck","year":"1976"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2022.2051444"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2021.1926466"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2014.908334"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.6.1130"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000204"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465817000327"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu166"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000474"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2013.764304"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465821000485"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868318756532"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.3.593"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232014193.16082013"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s127-002-8207-y"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.2000.0344"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2020.103573"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203851197"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2333"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2015.11.041"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12361"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.06.044"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.05.050"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0141347300011472"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012881"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.10147"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-8343(79)90062-8"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800015368"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466504772812959"},{"key":"S1352465823000048_ref50","volume-title":"Overcoming Perfectionism. 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