{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:47:13Z","timestamp":1786999633549,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Behav. Cogn. Psychother."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S135246582400050X_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Specific phobia of vomiting (SPOV), also called emetophobia, is a debilitating condition that shares features with several other anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Approximately half of sufferers from SPOV do not fully benefit from current treatment modalities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S135246582400050X_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bergen 4-day treatment (B4DT) is a highly concentrated form of exposure and response prevention developed for OCD. This case series reports on the first participants undertaking the treatment for SPOV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S135246582400050X_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five female participants underwent the B4DT adapted to SPOV. The Specific Phobia of Vomiting Scale (SPOVI) and Emetophobia Questionnaire (EmetQ-13) were administered pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 3- and 6-month follow-up. Participants were also shown a 27-minute video portraying vomit-related stimuli of increasing intensity at pre- and post-treatment. The time participants managed to watch the video and their subjective anxiety and nausea were assessed at regular intervals. Reliable and clinically significant change were calculated on SPOVI post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S135246582400050X_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four of the participants achieved clinically significant change and the fifth reliable improvement, and these results were maintained at 6-month follow-up. The participants watched the vomit-related stimuli video for an average of 10 minutes pre-treatment whereas all completed it post-treatment, experiencing considerably less anxiety. These results were maintained at 6-month follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S135246582400050X_as5\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The B4DT may be a robust and time-effective treatment format for SPOV with low attrition rates, but further research is needed to verify this.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s135246582400050x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T23:57:42Z","timestamp":1739231862000},"page":"127-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Bergen 4-day treatment for specific phobia of vomiting: a case series"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1074-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f3ley Dr\u00f6fn","family":"Davidsdottir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4168-7518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristj\u00e1n Helgi","family":"Hjartarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurbj\u00f6rg J\u00f3na","family":"Ludvigsdottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1smundur","family":"Gunnarsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sigurdur","family":"Vidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5449-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Kvale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5659-1119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bjarne","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4286-1277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen","family":"Hagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4351-2810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars-G\u00f6ran","family":"\u00d6st","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01503"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90113-7"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2019.101523"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2010.03.006"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref20","unstructured":"Hrafnsson, \u00d3. V. , & Gu\u00f0mundsson, M. (2007). Pr\u00f3ffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir eiginleikar L\u00edfsg\u00e6\u00f0akvar\u00f0ans (QOLS) [Diagnostic properties of the Quality of Life Scale]. Unpublished Bachelor\u2019s thesis, University of Iceland."},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1058"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref17","first-page":"48","article-title":"Intensive group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a pilot study","volume":"10","author":"Havnen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinical Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104203"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(72)90045-6"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.12.012"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104170"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.06.007"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(79)90094-6"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.08.004"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0936-5"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(86)90143-9"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2011.09.007"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.07.005"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2010.550059"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.761"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.06.008"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-012-9495-y"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04812-x"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.02.009"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83296-8"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.12.005"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465815000259"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref52","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, Research, and Treatment of the Fear of Anxiety","author":"Zinbarg","year":"1999"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref3","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref42","unstructured":"S\u00e6varsson, S. , Erlingsson, O. , & Sm\u00e1ri, J. (2004). Kv\u00ed\u00f0an\u00e6mi og felmtursr\u00f6skun [Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder]. S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0iriti\u00f0 [The Icelandic Journal of Psychology], 9, 167\u2013177."},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2007.07.003"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.08.002"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref16","first-page":"25","article-title":"Pr\u00f3ffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir eiginleikar \u00edslenskrar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar GAD-7 \u00ed kl\u00edn\u00edsku \u00fartaki [Diagnostic properties of the Icelandic translation of GAD-7 in a clinical sample]","volume":"27","author":"Har\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir","year":"2022","journal-title":"S\u00e1lfr\u00e6\u00f0iriti\u00f0\/The Icelandic Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.59.1.12"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref1","unstructured":"\u00c1g\u00fastsd\u00f3ttir, F. , & Dan\u00edelsd\u00f3ttir, S. (2018). The psychometric properties of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in a sample of individuals 40 years and older from the Icelandic population. Unpublished Bachelor\u2019s thesis, University of Iceland."},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.461"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref39","first-page":"1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of General Medicine"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465805002754"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.02.007"},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref6","unstructured":"Benediktsd\u00f3ttir, U. (2022). Psychometric properties of the Icelandic translation of EmetQ-13 and SPOVI in a clinical sample. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis, University of Iceland."},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref38","unstructured":"Sigur\u00f0sson, B. H. (2008). Samanbur\u00f0ur \u00e1 tveimur st\u00f6\u00f0lu\u00f0um ge\u00f0greiningarvi\u00f0t\u00f6lum og tveimur sjalfsmatskv\u00f6r\u00f0um: MINI, CIDI, PHQ and DASS [A comparison of two structured diagnostic interviews and self-report scales: MINI, CIDI, PHQ\u00a0and DASS] Unpublished dissertation, University of Iceland."},{"key":"S135246582400050X_ref41","unstructured":"Steind\u00f3rsd\u00f3ttir, B. B. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Icelandic version of the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. 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S. (2014). Pr\u00f3ffr\u00e6\u00f0ilegir eiginleikar \u00edslenskrar \u00fe\u00fd\u00f0ingar Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale [Psychometric properties of the Icelandic translation of the Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale]. 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