{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:19:49Z","timestamp":1790165989247,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prominent apathy and\/or irritability are frequently \nobserved among individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency \nvirus (HIV). Although these symptoms often occur as part \nof a mood disorder, compelling evidence suggests that they \nmay occur independently of depression in neurologic disease\/disorder. \nThe current study examined the prevalence of both apathy \nand irritability among a sample of HIV-infected individuals \nand explored the degree to which these neuropsychiatric \n(NP) phenomena were associated with performance on neurocognitive \nmeasures thought to be sensitive to the potential CNS effects \nof HIV-1. Clinician-administered rating scales assessing \napathy and irritability were administered to 65 HIV-seropositive \n(HIV+) and 21 HIV-seronegative (HIV\u2212) participants \nwho also completed a dual-task reaction time paradigm and \nthe Stroop task. NP disturbance was significantly more \nprevalent among HIV+ participants compared with HIV\u2212 \ncontrols and was associated with specific neurocognitive \ndeficits suggestive of executive dysfunction. Relative \nto both HIV\u2212 controls and to neuropsychiatrically \nintact HIV+ participants, those HIV+ individuals with evidence \nof prominent apathy and\/or irritability showed deficits \nin dual-task, but not single-task, performance and on the \ninterference condition of the Stroop. Unexpectedly, NP \ndisturbance did not show a robust relationship with HIV \ndisease stage. These results suggest that the presence \nof prominent apathy and\/or irritability among HIV+ individuals \nmay signify greater HIV-associated CNS involvement. In \nHIV\/AIDS, the disruption of frontal\u2013subcortical circuits \nmay be a common mechanism causing both executive dysfunction \nand NP disturbance. (<jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>, 2000, <jats:italic>6<\/jats:italic>, 336\u2013347.)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617700633088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,27]],"date-time":"2002-07-27T13:26:15Z","timestamp":1027776375000},"page":"336-347","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Neuropsychiatric disturbance is associated with executive \ndysfunction in HIV-1 infection"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"STEVEN A.","family":"CASTELLON","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CHARLES H.","family":"HINKIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HECTOR F.","family":"MYERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617700633088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,7]],"date-time":"2019-04-07T20:02:12Z","timestamp":1554667332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617700633088\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617700633088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617700633088","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,3]]}}}