{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T10:41:44Z","timestamp":1791888104747,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Risk taking in a large cohort of adults (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 177; ages \n17\u201373) decreased with age, demonstrated by performance on a \ncomputer based gambling task, which has previously been shown to be \nsensitive to certain pharmacological manipulations including tryptophan \ndepletion, lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex and neuropsychiatric \ndisorders such as mania. Aging was also associated with longer \ndeliberation times, poorer decision making, reduced risk taking, but no \nsignificant change in delay aversion. Subjects with a higher \n(NART-estimated) IQ were faster to make decisions and showed a greater \nmodulation of risk-taking. Both sexes showed similar patterns of \ndecision making, although male participants exhibited a greater \nmodulation of risk-taking in response to the probability of winning. \nThe Decision-Gamble task provides a variety of behavioral measures, \ncorresponding to different aspects of impulsivity. Factor analysis of \nthese measures suggested that two independent traits underlies \nperformance on the task in normal individuals: one associated with risk \ntolerance, and a second associated with delay aversion. Age was related \nto decreases in the risk tolerance factor, but unrelated to the delay \naversion; neither factor was significantly related to verbal IQ. This \nstudy thus provides support for the concept that impulsivity can be \nfractionated into 2 or more components. (\n                    <jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2004,\n                    <jats:italic>10<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 590\u2013598.)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617704104104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T15:13:47Z","timestamp":1093360427000},"page":"590-598","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":247,"title":["Risk taking during decision-making in normal volunteers changes \nwith age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"JULIA","family":"DEAKIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL","family":"AITKEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TREVOR","family":"ROBBINS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"BARBARA J.","family":"SAHAKIAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.6.1026"},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.17.4.598"},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref032","unstructured":"Sanfrey, A. & Hastie, R. 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(1999).Neuropsychological evidence for why the ability to decideadvantageously decreases with age.Society for Neuroscience Abstracts,21,24."},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.10.2109"},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x"},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.8.1469"},{"key":"S1355617704104104_ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daruna, J.H. & Barnes, P.A. (1993).A neurodevelopmental view of impulsivity. In W.G. McCowan , J. Johnson , & M.B. 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