{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:40:46Z","timestamp":1762270846165,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,26]],"date-time":"2005-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125014400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies have shown that parkinsonian signs are related to cognitive \nfunction in aging. What remains unclear is whether this association is \nstronger for some cognitive domains than it is for others, and precisely \nhow much variability in global and specific cognitive functions is \nexplained by the motor signs. We examined the associations between four \nparkinsonian signs (gait, rigidity, bradykinesia, tremor) and five \ncognitive domains (episodic memory, semantic memory, working memory, \nperceptual speed, visuospatial ability) in a large cohort of older persons \nwho were free of Parkinson's disease and dementia and were \nparticipating in the Rush Memory and Aging Project. In a series of \nregression equations that controlled for age, sex, and education, higher \nlevels of three signs (gait, rigidity, and bradykinesia) were related to \nlower levels of cognitive function, but they accounted for less than 5% of \nthe variance in most measures. The results did not change when the \npresence of depressive symptoms, diabetes, and hypertension were added to \nthe models. The cross-sectional association between parkinsonian signs and \ncognitive function did not vary substantially across specific cognitive \ndomains or specific cognitive tests. The results suggest that parkinsonian \nsigns have a modest, but statistically reliable, association with level of \ncognitive function in old age. (<jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>, 2005, <jats:italic>11<\/jats:italic>, \n591\u2013597.)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617705050708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,7]],"date-time":"2005-10-07T17:38:21Z","timestamp":1128706701000},"page":"591-597","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Parkinsonian signs and cognitive function in old age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"DEBRA A.","family":"FLEISCHMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ROBERT S.","family":"WILSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JULIA L.","family":"BIENIAS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DAVID A.","family":"BENNETT","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617705050708_ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregg, E.W. , Yaffe, K. , Cauley, J.A. , Rolka, D.B. , Blackwell, T.L. , Venkat Narayan, K.M. , & Cummings, S.R. 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(1987).Neuropathologic and clinical features of Parkinson's disease inAlzheimer's disease.Neurology,37,754\u2013760.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.754"},{"key":"S1355617705050708_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R.S. , Bennett, D.A. , Gilley, D.W. , Beckett, L.A. , Schneider, J.A. , & Evans, D.A. (2000a).Progression of parkinsonian signs in Alzheimer'sdisease.Neurology,54,1284\u20131289.","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.6.1284"},{"key":"S1355617705050708_ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper, J.A. & Sagar, H.J. (1993).Incidental and intentional recall in Parkinson's disease: Anaccount based on diminished attentional resources.Journal of Clincal and Experimental Neuropsychology,15,713\u2013731.","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639308402591"},{"key":"S1355617705050708_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, M.F. , Wolf, P.A. , D'Agostino, R.B. , Cobb, J. , & White, L.R. 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