{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:52:38Z","timestamp":1770987158245,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,16]],"date-time":"2005-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1134691200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesized that patients with bipolar disorder would demonstrate \nverbal recognition performance deficits consistent with <jats:italic>processing \nefficiency theory<\/jats:italic>, a theory about how emotional states modulate \nperformance by interfering with working memory resources or increasing \ncognitive arousal\/effort. We predicted that (1) a manic group \n(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 26) would demonstrate slow reaction time (RT) and low \naccuracy, (2) a euthymic group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 23) would demonstrate slow RT \nto maintain high accuracy; and (3) a healthy comparison group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> \n= 25) would demonstrate fast RT and high accuracy. The groups were \nadministered symptom-rating scales and compared on a computerized, \ntrial-by-trial, directed forgetting in recognition task. This task \nrequires participants to comply with an overt instruction to forget \nirrelevant studied words, and it places a relatively high demand on \nworking memory. The manic group was impaired on directed-forgetting \nsensitivity; however, when RT was statistically controlled, the groups \ndemonstrated similar directed-forgetting effects. These findings are \nconsistent with processing efficiency theory. They suggest that bipolar \npatients perform directed forgetting in recognition by increasing \neffortful control at encoding at the expense of processing efficiency, \nalthough acute mania reduces the capacity for control, thereby impairing \nrecognition performance. Problems with processing efficiency are viewed as \ntrait characteristics of bipolar disorder that may be overlooked by \ntraditional error-based assessments. (<jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>, 2005, <jats:italic>11<\/jats:italic>, \n871\u2013880.)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617705051027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,21]],"date-time":"2008-04-21T13:24:07Z","timestamp":1208784247000},"page":"871-880","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Processing efficiency and directed forgetting in bipolar \ndisorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"DAVID E.","family":"FLECK","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"PAULA K.","family":"SHEAR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"STEPHEN M.","family":"STRAKOWSKI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleck, D.E. , Shear, P.K. , Zimmerman, M.E. , Getz, G.E. , Corey, K.B. , Jak, A. , Lebowitz, B.K. , & Strakowski, S.M. 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(1999).Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities inbipolar disorder.Archives of General Psychiatry,56,254\u2013260.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.3.254"},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grier, J.B. (1971).Nonparametric indexes for sensitivity and bias.Psychological Bulletin,75,424\u2013429.","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031246"},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strakowski, S.M. , Adler, C.M. , Holland, S.K. , Mills, N.P. , & DelBello, M.P. (2004).A Preliminary FMRI study of sustained attention in euthymic,unmedicated bipolar disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology,29,1734\u20131740.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300492"},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Aran, A. , Vieta, E. , Reinares, M. , Colom, F. , Torrent, C. , Sanchez-Moreno, J. , Benabarre, A. , Goikolea, J.M. , Comes, M. , & Salamero, M. 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(1984).Scale for the assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS).Iowa City:The University of Iowa."},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiesepp\u00e4, T. , Tuulio-Henriksson, A. , Haukka, J. , van Erp, T. , Glahn, D. , Cannon, T.D. , Partonen, T. , Kaprio, J. , & L\u00f6nnqvist, J. (2005).Memory and verbal learning functions in twins with bipolar-Idisorder, and the role of information-processing speed.Psychological Medicine,35,205\u2013215.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003125"},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref029","unstructured":"Pies, R.W. (1998).Handbook of essential psychopharmacology.Washington, DC:American Psychiatric Press."},{"key":"S1355617705051027_ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woodward, A.E. & Bjork, R.A. 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(1990).Manic-depressive illness.New York:Oxford University Press."}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617705051027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T18:56:16Z","timestamp":1750445776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617705051027\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617705051027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617705051027","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}