{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:31:01Z","timestamp":1787499061336,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]],"date-time":"2010-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1290124800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prenatal exposure to sodium valproate (VPA) and polytherapy has been linked with increased risk of birth defects and cognitive impairment in young children. We evaluated the cognitive impact of prenatal exposure to VPA and polytherapy in school-aged children. Fifty-seven children exposed to VPA (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 23), polytherapy with VPA (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 15), or polytherapy without VPA (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 19) were assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition. Information on maternal epilepsy, pregnancy, and medical history was obtained prospectively through the Australian Pregnancy Register for Women with Epilepsy and Allied Disorders. All groups had elevated frequencies of Extremely Low (&lt;70) or Borderline (70\u201379) Full-Scale IQ (15.8\u201340.0%). Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory scores in all groups fell significantly below the standardized test mean, while Perceptual Reasoning and Processing Speed scores were relatively intact. Multivariate analysis of covariance analysis revealed significant main effects of VPA on Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory, and of polytherapy on Verbal Comprehension and Processing Speed. Our results suggest that VPA has a dose-dependent negative impact on verbal intellectual abilities, and may also affect working memory. The possibility that inclusion of VPA in many polytherapy regimens may underlie reduced mean scores of polytherapy-exposed children is discussed. (\n                    <jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2011,\n                    <jats:italic>17<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 000\u2013000)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617710001359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]],"date-time":"2010-11-19T09:18:07Z","timestamp":1290158287000},"page":"133-142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["The Australian Brain and Cognition and Antiepileptic Drugs Study: IQ in School-Aged Children Exposed to Sodium Valproate and Polytherapy"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Nadebaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Reutens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3076","article-title":"The anticonvulsants market","volume":"9","author":"Mackey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Drug Discovery"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-5868(03)00158-9","article-title":"The Australian registry of anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy: Experience after 30 months","volume":"10","author":"Vajda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.52.10.1051"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-9","volume-title":"Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Females with Epilepsy","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00458.x","article-title":"Maternal valproate dosage and foetal malformations","volume":"112","author":"Vajda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2007.08.009","article-title":"Cognitive\/behavioral teratogenetic effects of antiepileptic drugs","volume":"11","author":"Meador","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy and Behavior"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070804"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2007.00781.x"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.451103.x","article-title":"Australian pregnancy registry of women taking antiepileptic drugs","volume":"45","author":"Vajda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-29","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2004.05.003"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.029132","article-title":"The longer term outcome of children born to mothers with epilepsy","volume":"75","author":"Adab","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2006.12088005"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.39.4.251"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0803531","article-title":"Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs","volume":"360","author":"Meador","year":"2009","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"S1355617710001359_manual_ref-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2005.06.001","article-title":"Children exposed to valproate in utero - 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