{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T20:30:30Z","timestamp":1770064230719,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451260800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold>Huntington\u2019s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that produces a bias toward risky, reward-driven decisions in situations where the outcomes of decisions are uncertain and must be discovered. However, it is unclear whether HD patients show similar biases in decision-making when learning demands are minimized and prospective risks and outcomes are known explicitly. We investigated how risk decision-making strategies and adjustments are altered in HD patients when reward contingencies are explicit.<jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>HD (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=18) and healthy control (HC;<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>=17) participants completed a risk-taking task in which they made a series of independent choices between a low-risk\/low reward and high-risk\/high reward risk options.<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Computational modeling showed that compared to HC, who showed a clear preference for low-risk compared to high-risk decisions, the HD group valued high-risks more than low-risk decisions, especially when high-risks were rewarded. The strategy analysis indicated that when high-risk options were rewarded, HC adopted a conservative risk strategy on the next trial by preferring the low-risk option (i.e., they counted their blessings and then played the surer bet). In contrast, following a rewarded high-risk choice, HD patients showed a clear preference for repeating the high-risk choice.<jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>These results indicate a pattern of high-risk\/high-reward decision bias in HD that persists when outcomes and risks are certain. The allure of high-risk\/high-reward decisions in situations of risk certainty and uncertainty expands our insight into the dynamic decision-making deficits that create considerable clinical burden in HD. (<jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>, 2016,<jats:italic>22<\/jats:italic>, 426\u2013435)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617715001241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T09:00:27Z","timestamp":1451293227000},"page":"426-435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Allure of High-Risk Rewards in Huntington\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Nelleke C.","family":"van Wouwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristen E.","family":"Kanoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Claassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Richard Ridderinkhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hedera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madaline B.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott A.","family":"Wylie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000065888.88988.6E"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref41","volume-title":"Reinforcement learning: An introduction","author":"Sutton","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.2001.7766"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(96)00042-1"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/743141"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.5.2.117"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref7","volume-title":"Model selection and Multimodel inference","author":"Burnham","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102105"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.12868"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721412474460"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701711095"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2010.22.2.196"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.12.012"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00035-4"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4421-06.2007"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198511000-00003"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref42","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry","volume":"78","author":"Thiruvady","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.06.078"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1102941"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.12.015"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3524-09.2009"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.595702"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.010"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.14.3.253"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00103"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00967-4"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110204","article-title":"Unified Huntington\u2019s disease rating scale: Reliability and consistency","volume":"11","author":"Kieburtz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2011.05.010"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.11.034"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.208264"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826e9a5d"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03015"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2007.9.2\/arosenblatt","article-title":"Neuropsychiatry of Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028028"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5768-0"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.06.014"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0590-05.2005"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref10","volume-title":"Log-linear models and logistic regression","author":"Christensen","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(93)90167-W"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.02.003"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199805000-00001"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7455683"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22019"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071633"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1025383"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000122"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90074-X"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4467-08.2009"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.4.466"},{"key":"S1355617715001241_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1209"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617715001241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T20:55:54Z","timestamp":1653944154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617715001241\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617715001241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617715001241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]]}}}