{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:31:39Z","timestamp":1777876299719,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477267200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> A limited body of research is available on the relationships between multiplicity of birth and neuropsychological functioning in preterm children who were conceived in the age of assisted reproductive technology and served by the modern neonatal intensive care unit. Our chief objective was to evaluate whether, after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and perinatal complications, twin birth accounted for a unique portion of developmental outcome variance in children born at-risk in the surfactant era. <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We compared the neuropsychological functioning of 77 twins and 144 singletons born preterm (&lt;34 gestational weeks) and served by William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI. Children were evaluated at preschool age, using standardized tests of memory, language, perceptual, and motor abilities. <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for sociodemographic and perinatal variables, revealed no differences on memory or motor indices between preterm twins and their singleton counterparts. In contrast, performance of language and visual processing tasks was significantly lower in twins despite reduced perinatal risk in comparison to singletons. Effect sizes ranged from .33 to .38 standard deviations for global language and visual processing ability indices, respectively. No significant group by sex interactions were observed, and comparison of first-, or second-born twins with singletons yielded medium effect sizes (Cohen\u2019s <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>=.56 and .40, respectively). <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> The modest twin disadvantage on language and visual processing tasks at preschool-age could not be readily attributable to socioeconomic or perinatal variables. The possibility of biological or social twinning-related phenomena as mechanisms underlying the observed performance gaps are discussed. (<jats:italic>JINS<\/jats:italic>, 2016, <jats:italic>22<\/jats:italic>, 865\u2013877)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617716000758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]],"date-time":"2016-10-24T10:00:17Z","timestamp":1477303217000},"page":"865-877","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neuropsychological Functioning in Preterm-Born Twins and Singletons at Preschool Age"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Raz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie C.","family":"Piercy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Heitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brittany N.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie Bapp","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela K.","family":"DeBastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noa","family":"Ofen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beau","family":"Batton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Batton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.007"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref38","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Handbook of pediatric neuropsychology","author":"Schrank","year":"2011"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref46","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - 3rd edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198710293171805"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004514"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.06.055"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000227747.37184.0a"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.2.F117"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1055724"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.2.e35"},{"key":"S1355617716000758_ref21","unstructured":"Hollingshead A.B. 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