{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:55:28Z","timestamp":1772751328921,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540857600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>While individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) are at increased risk for a variety of functional impairments and psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, not all individuals with 22q11DS experience negative outcomes. Efforts to further understand which childhood variables best predict adult functional outcomes are needed, especially those that investigate childhood executive functioning abilities.<jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>This longitudinal study followed 63 individuals with 22q11DS and 43 control participants over 9 years. Childhood executive functioning ability was assessed using both rater-based and performance-based measures and tested as predictors of young adult outcomes.<jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Childhood global executive functioning abilities and parent report of child executive functioning abilities were the most consistent predictors of young adult outcomes. The study group moderated the relationship between child executive functioning and young adult outcomes for several outcomes such that the relationships were stronger in the 22q11DS sample.<jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>Rater-based and performance-based measures of childhood executive functioning abilities predicted young adult outcomes in individuals with and without 22q11DS. Executive functioning could be a valuable target for treatment in children with 22q11DS for improving not only childhood functioning but also adult outcomes.<jats:italic>(JINS,<\/jats:italic>2018,<jats:italic>24<\/jats:italic>, 905\u2013916)<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617718000784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]],"date-time":"2018-10-30T09:29:40Z","timestamp":1540891780000},"page":"905-916","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Childhood Executive Functioning Predicts Young Adult Outcomes in<i>22q11.2<\/i>Deletion Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Avery B.","family":"Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Abu-Ramadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy R.","family":"Kates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Fremont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Antshel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref18","volume-title":"). California Verbal Learning Test - Children\u2019s Version","author":"Delis","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref36","first-page":"3","article-title":"Schizophrenia, \u201cjust the facts\u201d 6","volume":"127","author":"Keshavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Moving ahead with the schizophrenia concept: from the elephant to the mouse. Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref59","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2010.12.3\/areichenberg","article-title":"The assessment of neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia","volume":"12","author":"Reichenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2005.09.001"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref25","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF)","author":"Gioia","year":"2000"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref26","volume-title":"Stroop Color and Word Test","author":"Golden","year":"1978"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033460"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00566"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.116.195651"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.10.004"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref54","volume-title":"Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition (Vineland-II)","author":"Sparrow","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1063595"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.05.030"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref27","volume-title":"The Gordon Diagnostic System","author":"Gordon","year":"1983"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref45","volume-title":"Technical Manual for the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaires (TEIQue)","author":"Petrides","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref4","first-page":"833","article-title":"Predicting cognition and psychosis in young adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Antshel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref58","volume-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third edition","author":"Wechsler","year":"1991"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.12.003"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2014.175"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2008.08.016"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2010.497426"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.157"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12367"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.04.007"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref17","volume-title":"Educating Children with Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome (also known as 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and DiGeorge syndrome)","author":"Cutler-Landsman","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07081242"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:2<142::AID-MRDD9>3.0.CO;2-H"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1252"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4613"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.08.008"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.269"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref21","first-page":"59","article-title":"Autism spectrum and psychosis risk in the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"188","author":"Fiksinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref5","first-page":"333","article-title":"Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"49","author":"Antshel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2016.08.003"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.132324"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9599-y"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/13.3.285"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref9","first-page":"19","article-title":"The effects of cognitive rehabilitation therapy techniques for enhancing the cognitive\/intellectual functioning of seventh- and eighth-grade children","volume":"4","author":"Bracy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Technology"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m09197"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.1.101"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref31","volume-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual: Revised and Expanded","author":"Heaton","year":"1993"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12183"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090481"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1304_7"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2671"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.18.3.485"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711001693"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref61","volume-title":"Social Adjustment Scale - Self-Report (SAS-SR) User\u2019s Manual","author":"Weissman","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.549877"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00331"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0963-7214.2006.00419.x"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9141-1"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.13070864"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ddrr.7"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390500360471"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007040"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.7.1183"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.8.2.71.8724"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.30984"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref48","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function\u00ae\u2013Adult Version (BRIEF-A)","author":"Roth","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Adult Forms and Profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1355617718000784_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2010.544649"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617718000784","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,14]],"date-time":"2020-11-14T08:42:23Z","timestamp":1605343343000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617718000784\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617718000784"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617718000784","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}}}