{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:42:30Z","timestamp":1790772150320,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568246400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617719000894_as1\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuropsychological tests are important instruments to determine a cognitive profile, giving insight into the etiology of dementia; however, these tests cannot readily be used in culturally diverse, low-educated populations, due to their dependence upon (Western) culture, education, and literacy. In this review we aim to give an overview of studies investigating domain-specific cognitive tests used to assess dementia in non-Western, low-educated populations. The second aim was to examine the quality of these studies and of the adaptations for culturally, linguistically, and educationally diverse populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617719000894_as2\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was performed using six databases, without restrictions on the year or language of publication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617719000894_as3\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-four studies were included, stemming mainly from Brazil, Hong Kong, Korea, and considering Hispanics\/Latinos residing in the USA. Most studies focused on Alzheimer\u2019s disease (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 17) or unspecified dementia (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 16). Memory (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 18) was studied most often, using 14 different tests. The traditional Western tests in the domains of attention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8) and construction (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15), were unsuitable for low-educated patients. There was little variety in instruments measuring executive functioning (two tests,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), and language (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12, of which 10 were naming tests). Many studies did not report a thorough adaptation procedure (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 39) or blinding procedures (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617719000894_as4\" sec-type=\"other\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various formats of memory tests seem suitable for low-educated, non-Western populations. Promising tasks in other cognitive domains are the Stick Design Test, Five Digit Test, and verbal fluency test. Further research is needed regarding cross-cultural instruments measuring executive functioning and language in low-educated people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617719000894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,12]],"date-time":"2019-09-12T02:42:27Z","timestamp":1568256147000},"page":"331-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Tests for the Assessment of Dementia in Non-Western, Low-Educated or Illiterate Populations"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-5109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanne","family":"Franzen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Goudsmit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline K.","family":"Jurgens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lotte","family":"van de Wiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuled","family":"Kalkisim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcl","family":"Uysal-Bozkir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yavuz","family":"Ayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. 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