{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T17:58:32Z","timestamp":1769882312684,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617720000727_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether loss of consciousness (LOC), retrograde amnesia (RA), and anterograde amnesia (AA) independently influence a particular aspect of post-concussion cognitive functioning\u2014across-test intra-individual variability (IIV), or cognitive dispersion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617720000727_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Concussed athletes (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>= 111) were evaluated, on average, 6.04 days post-injury (<jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic>= 5.90;<jats:italic>Mdn<\/jats:italic>= 4 days;<jats:italic>Range<\/jats:italic>= 1\u201326 days) via clinical interview and neuropsychological assessment. Primary outcomes of interest included two measures of IIV\u2014an intra-individual standard deviation (ISD) score and a maximum discrepancy (MD) score\u2014computed from 18 norm-referenced variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617720000727_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) adjusting for time since injury and sex revealed a significant effect of LOC on the ISD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.018,<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a0.051) and MD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.034,<jats:italic>\u03b7<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a0.041) scores, such that athletes with LOC displayed significantly greater IIV than athletes without LOC. In contrast, measures of IIV did not significantly differ between athletes who did and did not experience RA or AA (all<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617720000727_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>LOC, but not RA or AA, was associated with greater variability, or inconsistencies, in cognitive performance acutely following concussion. Though future studies are needed to verify the clinical significance of these findings, our results suggest that LOC may contribute to post-concussion cognitive dysfunction and may be a risk factor for less efficient cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617720000727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T08:28:51Z","timestamp":1597048131000},"page":"197-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Loss of Consciousness is Associated with Elevated Cognitive Intra-Individual Variability Following Sports-Related Concussion"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5683-4168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria C.","family":"Merritt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liora S.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Arnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097729"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802232659"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref11","unstructured":"Lovell, M.R. 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ImPACT Applications, Inc."},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100338"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042752-200307000-00005"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713001288"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170498"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1533587"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097393"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097699","article-title":"Consensus statement on concussion in sport\u2014the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016","volume":"51","author":"McCrory","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000532"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref20","volume-title":"Intraindividual Variability and Neuropsychological Functioning Across the Adult Lifespan","author":"Vandermorris","year":"2015"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-52.1.12"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.06.011"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617719000882"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.7.823"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref16","first-page":"168","article-title":"Normative data for a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery used in the assessment of sports-related concussion","volume":"32","author":"Merritt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033023"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017798"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.2.P101"},{"key":"S1355617720000727_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000390"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617720000727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,11]],"date-time":"2024-08-11T15:06:28Z","timestamp":1723388788000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617720000727\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617720000727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617720000727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]]}}}