{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:41:34Z","timestamp":1773268894873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622764800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000461_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the neuroHIV literature, cognitive reserve has most often been operationalized using education, occupation, and IQ. The effects of other cognitively stimulating activities that might be more amenable to interventions have been little studied. The purpose of this study was to develop an index of cognitive reserve in people with HIV, combining multiple indicators of cognitively stimulating lifetime experiences into a single value.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000461_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data set was obtained from a Canadian longitudinal study (N = 856). Potential indicators of cognitive reserve captured at the study entry included education, occupation, engagement in six cognitively stimulating activities, number of languages spoken, and social resources. Cognitive performance was measured using a computerized test battery. A cognitive reserve index was formulated using logistic regression weights. For the evidence on concurrent and predictive validity of the index, the measures of cognition and self-reported everyday functioning were each regressed on the index scores at study entry and at the last follow-up [mean duration: 25.9 months (SD 7.2)], respectively. Corresponding regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000461_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Professional sports [odds ratio (OR): 2.9; 95% CI 0.59\u201314.7], visual and performance arts (any level of engagement), professional\/amateur music, complex video gaming and competitive games, and travel outside North America were associated with higher cognitive functioning. The effects of cognitive reserve on the outcomes at the last follow-up visit were closely similar to those at study entry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000461_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work contributes evidence toward the relative benefit of engaging in specific cognitively stimulating life experiences in HIV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617721000461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T09:33:57Z","timestamp":1622799237000},"page":"230-238","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and Validation of a Cognitive Reserve Index in HIV"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0197-1506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navaldeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley K.","family":"Fellows","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Jos\u00e9e","family":"Brouillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Mayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617721000461_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613499592"},{"key":"S1355617721000461_ref45","first-page":"99","article-title":"A survey of multiple sclerosis: I. 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