{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T17:32:56Z","timestamp":1778175176314,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628467200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000862_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To propose a set of internationally harmonized procedures and methods for assessing neurocognitive functions, smell, taste, mental, and psychosocial health, and other factors in adults formally diagnosed with COVID-19 (confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 + WHO definition).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000862_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We formed an international and cross-disciplinary NeuroCOVID Neuropsychology Taskforce in April 2020. Seven criteria were used to guide the selection of the recommendations\u2019 methods and procedures: (i) Relevance to all COVID-19 illness stages and longitudinal study design; (ii) Standard, cross-culturally valid or widely available instruments; (iii) Coverage of both direct and indirect causes of COVID-19-associated neurological and psychiatric symptoms; (iv) Control of factors specifically pertinent to COVID-19 that may affect neuropsychological performance; (v) Flexibility of administration (telehealth, computerized, remote\/online, face to face); (vi) Harmonization for facilitating international research; (vii) Ease of translation to clinical practice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000862_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The three proposed levels of harmonization include a screening strategy with telehealth option, a medium-size computerized assessment with an online\/remote option, and a comprehensive evaluation with flexible administration. The context in which each harmonization level might be used is described. Issues of assessment timelines, guidance for home\/remote assessment to support data fidelity and telehealth considerations, cross-cultural adequacy, norms, and impairment definitions are also described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617721000862_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proposed recommendations provide rationale and methodological guidance for neuropsychological research studies and clinical assessment in adults with COVID-19. We expect that the use of the recommendations will facilitate data harmonization and global research. Research implementing the recommendations will be crucial to determine their acceptability, usability, and validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617721000862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T07:49:33Z","timestamp":1628495373000},"page":"642-660","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Assessment of Neurocognitive Functions, Olfaction, Taste, Mental, and Psychosocial Health in COVID-19 in Adults: Recommendations for Harmonization of Research and Implications for Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucette A.","family":"Cysique","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"\u0141ojek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4406-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore Ching-Kong","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Breda","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Egbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maite","family":"Garolera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gawron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hetta","family":"Gouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Holas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Hyniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Malinowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernice A.","family":"Marcopulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tricia L.","family":"Merkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Ramsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sietske A.M.","family":"Sikkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Rita","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imane","family":"Zouhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the NeuroCOVID International Neuropsychology Taskforce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref12","unstructured":"Brain Infection Global COVID-Neuro Network. (2021). Neurology Case Report Form (CRF) access per registration. Retrieved from https:\/\/braininfectionsglobal.tghn.org\/covid-neuro-network\/ accessed Februray 1st, 2021."},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/61.7.726"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001060"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref10","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China","author":"Bo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine."},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374961-1.10019-3"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref2","article-title":"Taking the test: A qualitative analysis of cultural and contextual factors impacting neuropsychological assessment of Xhosa-Speaking South Africans","author":"Aghvinian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology."},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa051"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-020014"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105866"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1560501"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref94","unstructured":"World Health Oraganization (WHO). (2021). WHO COVID-19 Case definition. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Surveillance_Case_Definition-2020.2 accessed Februray 1st, 2021."},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.031"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2020.1149","article-title":"MoCA as a cognitive assessment tool for absence status epilepticus","volume":"22","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epileptic Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00756-0"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1190"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref67","first-page":"224","article-title":"Assessment tools to evaluate Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) in older adults: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Pashmdarfard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref74","unstructured":"Public Health England. (2020). Disparities in the risk and outcomes of COVID-19 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/covid-19-review-of-disparities-in-risks-and-outcomes"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2019.1606284"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2016.1204011"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref30","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19 relative to controls: An N=84,285 online study","author":"Hampshire","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.155838"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-02882-x"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30046-8"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988718790400"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2020.1808483"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-017-9349-1"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100163"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl095"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.104938"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/s0718-48082017000200159"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref60","volume-title":"Handbook of normative data for neuropsychological assessment","author":"Mitrushina","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00995-3"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191113508807"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2020-0010"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref69","unstructured":"Pearson Assessments. (2020). Clinical and classroom assessment products. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pearsonassessments.com\/professional-assessments.html"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref51","first-page":"701","volume-title":"Textbook of clinical neuropsychology","author":"Marcopulos","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.9148"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1811894"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2020.03.001"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091004"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2017.07.008"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2019.1631024"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2011.0469","article-title":"Montreal Cognitive Assessment in cryptogenic epilepsy patients with normal Mini-Mental State Examination scores","volume":"13","author":"Phabphal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epileptic Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref6","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2020b). Office and technology checklist for telepsychological services. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/practice\/programs\/dmhi\/research-information\/telepsychological-services-checklist"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.027"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref31","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Cross-cultural survey equivalence","author":"Harkness","year":"1998"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12144","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12144","article-title":"T-MoCA: A valid phone screen for cognitive impairment in diverse community samples","volume":"13","author":"Katz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acaa046"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00758-5"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X1010400606"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an1302_4"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref5","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. (2020a). Guidelines for the practice of telepsychology. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.apa.org\/practice\/guidelines\/telepsychology"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25807"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007253"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29294-6_14"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1429024"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000367"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1443-5"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P6.319","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.88.16_supplement.P6.319","article-title":"Retrospective study of neurocognitive outcomes in autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"88","author":"Hebert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00897-2"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16469"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.573207"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref34","unstructured":"HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program. (2020). HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program. Retrieved from https:\/\/hnrp.hivresearch.ucsd.edu\/"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref21","article-title":"High rate of persistent symptoms up to 4 months after community and hospital-managed SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Darley","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Medical Journal of Australia"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.003"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00084-5"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.04.004"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref95","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). WHO Int. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.who.int\/ accessed February 1st, 2021."},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199820"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2211-5_4"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref38","first-page":"153","article-title":"A novel cognitive-functional composite measure to detect changes in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Test-retest reliability and feasibility","volume":"10","author":"Jutten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref8","article-title":"Geographic differences in COVID-19 cases, deaths, and incidence \u2014 United States, February 12\u2013April 7, 2020","volume":"68","author":"Bialek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161042"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.110"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref23","first-page":"e12021","article-title":"The influence of diversity on the measurement of functional impairment: An international validation of the Amsterdam IADL Questionnaire in eight countries","volume":"12","author":"Dubbelman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.114"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.673384"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1801847"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref84","unstructured":"The British Psychological Society. (2020). Coronavirus resources for professionals. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.bps.org.uk\/coronavirus-resources\/professional"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31282-4"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001263"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref37","unstructured":"Interorganizational Practice Committee. (2020). Guidelines for the practice of teleneuropsychology. Retrieved from https:\/\/iopc.online\/teleneuropsychology-guidelines"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30287-X"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00978-4"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2019373"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000310"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref58","first-page":"773","article-title":"Optimal cutoffs for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment vary by race and ethnicity","volume":"10","author":"Milani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia"},{"key":"S1355617721000862_ref105","article-title":"Latent Structure of a Brief Clinical Battery of Neuropsychological Tests Administered In-Home Via Telephone","author":"Matchanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617721000862","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T02:47:35Z","timestamp":1725590855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617721000862\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617721000862"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617721000862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]]}}}