{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T20:34:30Z","timestamp":1771101270986,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000236_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the absence of a simple validated instrument to screen for cognitive impairment among illiterate Lebanese older adults, the aims of this study were to validate an Arabic version of the Test of Nine Images (A-TNI93) adapted by the Working Group on Dementia at Saint Joseph University: Groupe de Travail sur les D\u00e9mences de l\u2019Univesit\u00e9 Saint Joseph (GTD-USJ) for illiterate older Lebanese and to establish normative data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000236_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A national population-based sample of 332 community-dwelling illiterate Lebanese aged 55 years and older was administered the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) scoring free and overall recall. The sample is part of a larger national sample (1342 participants) used to validate an Arabic version of the Mini-Mental State Examination already reported. Reproducibility, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) scoring to detect cognitive impairment according to Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) as the gold standard were measured. Normative data were established among 188 cognitively normal participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000236_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A threshold score of six on free recall (FR) provided a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 90.5%. The area under the curve was 0.93. By taking either scores, that is, a FR \u2264 6 or a total recall \u2264 8, the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) slightly improved dementia case detection with a sensitivity of 70.8% and a specificity of 88%. Normative data illustrate the distribution of cognitive performance among illiterate older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000236_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to the CDR requiring physician\u2019s competence, the A-TNI93 (GTD-USJ) is a valid Arabic adaptation to screen for cognitive impairment among illiterate Lebanese older adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617722000236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T02:50:13Z","timestamp":1651632613000},"page":"316-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An adapted Arabic version of the Test of Nine Images for the illiterate Lebanese population: Validation and preliminary normative data"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8413-5866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"El-Hayeck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafic","family":"Baddoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amine","family":"Wehb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nazem","family":"Bassil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salam","family":"Koussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Abou Khaled","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Richa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0396-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abbas","family":"Alameddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Sellal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610739708254281"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1524"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref9","unstructured":"Dubois, D. , & Poitou, J. (2002). Normes cat\u00e9gorielles (listes de termes) pour vingt-deux cat\u00e9gories s\u00e9mantiques. Cahiers du LCPE N\u00b0 5."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref29","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2018). Institute of statistics\/ Lebanon\/ Literacy rate. http:\/\/uis.unesco.org\/en\/country\/lb?theme=education-and-literacy."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008587"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref18","volume-title":"Living conditions of households","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.2.231"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref10","unstructured":"El-Hayeck, R. (2014). Typicality of examples for 22 semantic categories in Arabic. Unpublished data."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glt176"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988714532019"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.04.007"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref27","first-page":"A118","article-title":"The rapid assessment of physical activity (RAPA) among older adults","volume":"3","author":"Topolski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-20"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref30","unstructured":"United Nations. (2018). Population and development report \u2013 issue no.8. Prospects of ageing with dignity in the Arab region. https:\/\/www.unescwa.org\/sites\/www.unescwa.org\/files\/pageattachments\/pdr8-prospects-ageing-dignity-arab-region-advance-copy-en0.pdf."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181232"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0012885"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref8","first-page":"287","article-title":"Assessment of episodic memory in illiterate elderly","volume":"7","author":"Dessi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychologie et Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437092"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref28","unstructured":"UNESCO. (2017). Literacy rates continue to rise from one generation to the next. http:\/\/uis.unesco.org\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/fs45-literacy-rates-continue-rise-generation-to-next-en-2017_0.pdf."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref20","first-page":"896","article-title":"TNI-93: a new memory test for dementia detection in illiterate and low-educated patients","volume":"31","author":"Maillet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1992.tb01802.x"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-573"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610208006741"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref15","first-page":"796","article-title":"Validation into Arabic versions of dementia rating scales, dementia caregivers scales, and dementia research instruments","volume":"10","author":"Karam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands)"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4513"},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref17","unstructured":"Lebanese Ministry of Social Affairs. (2001). Cazas of Lebanon: population characteristics and economic and social realities."},{"key":"S1355617722000236_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2015.1043620"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617722000236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T23:41:52Z","timestamp":1680478912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617722000236\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617722000236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617722000236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]}}}