{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T04:02:00Z","timestamp":1768622520421,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000856_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare longitudinal verbal fluency performance among Latinx Spanish speakers who develop Alzheimer\u2019s disease to those who do not develop dementia in absolute number of words produced on each task and their ratio to combine both scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000856_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants included 833 Latinx Spanish-speaking older adults from a community-based prospective cohort in Manhattan. We performed growth curve modeling to investigate the trajectories of letter and semantic fluency, and their ratio (i.e., \u2018semantic index\u2019), between individuals who developed Alzheimer\u2019s disease and those who did not (i.e., controls). The semantic index quantifies the proportion of words generated for semantic fluency in relation to the total verbal fluency performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000856_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Letter fluency performance did not decline in controls; we observed a linear decline in those who developed Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Semantic fluency declined in both groups and showed an increased rate of change over time in the incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease group; in comparison, the control group had a linear and slower decline. There were no group differences in the longitudinal trajectory (intercept and slope) of the semantic index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617722000856_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A decline in letter fluency and a more rapid and accelerating decline over time in semantic fluency distinguished people who developed Alzheimer\u2019s disease from controls. Using the semantic index was not a superior marker of incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease compared to examining the two fluency scores individually. Results suggest the differential decline in verbal fluency tasks, when evaluated appropriately, may be useful for early identification of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Latinx Spanish speakers, a historically understudied population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617722000856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T12:39:51Z","timestamp":1673613591000},"page":"775-782","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal decline in semantic <i>versus<\/i> letter fluency, but not their ratio, marks incident Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Latinx Spanish-speaking older individuals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5079-4190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kayri K.","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton J.","family":"Kociolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaakov","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9481-7497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jet M. 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