{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:16:53Z","timestamp":1790731013821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687305600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000310_as1\"><jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study examined if disruption of serial position effects in list recall could serve as an early marker of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) in Spanish\u2013English bilinguals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000310_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested 20 participants initially diagnosed as cognitively normal or with mild cognitive impairment who declined and eventually received a diagnosis of AD (decliners), and 37 who remained cognitively stable (controls) over at least 2 years. Participants were tested on the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (CERAD) Word List Learning Test in English or Spanish as part of an annual neuropsychological evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000310_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to controls, decliners exhibited significantly reduced recall including reduced primacy scores (i.e., items recalled from the <jats:italic>first<\/jats:italic> three list\u00a0items on Trial 1), whereas recency scores (i.e., items recalled from the <jats:italic>last<\/jats:italic> 3 list items on Trial 1) were equivalent in decliners and controls. Further analyses suggested that the sensitivity of the primacy effect to preclinical AD was initially stronger in participants tested in Spanish, a surprising finding given that the CERAD was developed for English speakers. However, in the subsequent year of testing, primacy scores declined to the same level regardless of language of testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000310_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several list learning measures may facilitate early diagnosis of AD in Spanish\u2013English bilinguals, possibly including the relatively understudied primacy effect. Additional studies are needed to investigate the possibility that linguistic or demographic variables might modulate sensitivity of list learning tests to preclinical AD, which could lead to broader improvements in their utility for early diagnosis of AD in all populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617723000310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T05:25:56Z","timestamp":1687325156000},"page":"162-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disruption of the serial position effect as an early marker of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Spanish\u2013English bilinguals"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6881-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reina","family":"Mizrahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oona","family":"Cromheecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Salmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamar H.","family":"Gollan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617723000310_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2016.02.056"},{"key":"S1355617723000310_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.4.439.13908"},{"key":"S1355617723000310_ref33","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Language Production","author":"Kroll","year":"2013"},{"key":"S1355617723000310_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1453-8"},{"key":"S1355617723000310_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.9.1159","article-title":"The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (CERAD). 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