{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:46:23Z","timestamp":1786999583797,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692576000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000462_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify latent trajectories of IQ over time after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) and examine the predictive value of risk factors within and across recovery trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000462_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>206 children ages 3\u20137 years at injury were included: 87 TBI (23 severe, 21 moderate, 43 complicated mild) and 119 orthopedic injury (OI). We administered intelligence tests shortly after injury (1\u00bd months), 12 months, and 6.8 years postinjury. Latent class growth modeling was used to identify latent subgroups. Separate models examined verbal and nonverbal IQ recovery trajectories following TBI versus OI. Variables included: age at injury, sex, race, socioeconomic status, injury severity, quality of the home environment, family functioning, and parenting style.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000462_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both the TBI and OI analyses yielded different growth models for nonverbal (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3) and verbal IQ (\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3). Although all models resulted in 3 latent classes (below average, average, and aboveaverage performance); trajectory shapes, contributors to class membership, and performance within each class varied by injury group and IQ domain. TBI severity was associated with class membership for nonverbal IQ, with less severe injuries associated with higher IQ scores; however, TBI severity did not influence verbal IQ class membership. Parenting style had a more prominent effect on verbal and nonverbal IQ within the TBI than OI trajectories.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617723000462_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings suggest TBI severity is related to recovery trajectories for nonverbal but not verbal IQ and parenting style has stronger effects on recovery in TBI than OI. Results highlight the importance of parental factors on long-term recovery after TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617723000462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T09:08:02Z","timestamp":1692608882000},"page":"273-284","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Recovery trajectories of IQ after pediatric TBI: A latent class growth modeling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-1819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan E.","family":"Narad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-7477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Smith-Paine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Cassedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"LeBlond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. Gerry","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith Owen","family":"Yeates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shari L.","family":"Wade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617797006176"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsg013"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.13.1.76"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701766118"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref16","volume-title":"The development of children","author":"Cole","year":"2005"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref58","volume-title":"Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence","author":"Wechsler","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942DN1602_2"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref43","first-page":"319","volume-title":"Handbook of family measurement techniques","author":"Robinson","year":"2001"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref26","first-page":"287","article-title":"Late intellectual and academic outcomes following traumatic brain injury sustained during early childhood","volume":"105","author":"Ewing-Cobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00394.x"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst084"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(89)90021-0"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref30","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Handbook of parenting: volume 2 biology and ecology of parenting","author":"Hoff","year":"2002"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2012.04414.x"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.019174"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1995.77.3.819"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1728"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413495237"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010902732868"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1838"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708081150"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041318"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.1.42"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref8","first-page":"43","article-title":"Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior","volume":"75","author":"Baumrind","year":"1967","journal-title":"Genetic Psychology Monographs"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0904_8"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6609a1"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2234"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001792"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.2.e34"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.4.3.178.3178"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015268"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000028956"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561779700581X"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jst075"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018387"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/rep0000380"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2006(03)00041-3"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref29","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues","author":"Glutting","year":"1997"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.4485"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.16.1.15"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.8.3.312"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991135"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.09.52"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref23","volume-title":"Differential ability scales","author":"Elliott","year":"1990"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref54","volume-title":"The science and practice of neuropsychology: Pediatric neuropsychology; Research, theory, and practice (2 ed.)","author":"Yeates","year":"2009"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.5687"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0438"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000626"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.217"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030372"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704103093"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jss070"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/17518423.2011.586371"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025445"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0311"},{"key":"S1355617723000462_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2012"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617723000462","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T05:33:37Z","timestamp":1709530417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617723000462\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617723000462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617723000462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]]}}}