{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:01:00Z","timestamp":1792213260010,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000201_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) prevalence is expected to increase in East Africa as treatment coverage increases, survival improves, and this population ages. This study aimed to better understand the current cognitive phenotype of this newly emergent population of older combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated people living with HIV (PLWH), in which current screening measures lack accuracy. This will facilitate the refinement of HAND cognitive screening tools for this setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000201_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a secondary analysis of 253 PLWH aged \u226550 years receiving standard government HIV clinic follow-up in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. They were evaluated with a detailed locally normed low-literacy neuropsychological battery annually on three occasions and a consensus panel diagnosis of HAND by Frascati criteria based on clinical evaluation and collateral history.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000201_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tests of verbal learning and memory, categorical verbal fluency, visual memory, and visuoconstruction had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve &gt;0.7 for symptomatic HAND (s-HAND) (0.70\u20130.72; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001 for all tests). Tests of visual memory, verbal learning with delayed recall and recognition memory, psychomotor speed, language comprehension, and categorical verbal fluency were independently associated with s-HAND in a logistic mixed effects model (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01 for all). Neuropsychological impairments varied by educational background.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000201_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A broad range of cognitive domains are affected in older, well-controlled, East African PLWH, including those not captured in widely used screening measures. It is possible that educational background affects the observed cognitive impairments in this setting. Future screening measures for similar populations should consider assessment of visual memory, verbal learning, language comprehension, and executive and motor function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617724000201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:51:15Z","timestamp":1716195075000},"page":"660-670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuropsychological tests associated with symptomatic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in a cohort of older adults in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lachlan","family":"Fotheringham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael A.","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Urasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Boshe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta B.","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Rogathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Howlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke C.J.","family":"Dekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William K.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9625-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip C.","family":"Makupa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella-Maria","family":"Paddick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9092-3"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2021\/8575"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref4","first-page":"23","volume-title":"International handbook of cross-cultural neuropsychology","author":"Ardila","year":"2007"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2013.06.011"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610221000156"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00813-2"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.39"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000569"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref56","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2020"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.27"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref59","unstructured":"Roser, M. , & Ortiz-Ospina, E. Literacy, 2018. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/literacy."},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref76","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fact sheet 2021: Global HIV statistics, 2021. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf."},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref68","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10","volume":"59","author":"Sheehan","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061826"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642009DN30400009"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-12-941"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000225183.74521.72"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref70","unstructured":"Snodgrass, J. G. , & Vanderwart, M. A standardized set of 260 pictures: Norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity. (0096-1515 (Print))."},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73689-7"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-012-0143-9"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref5","volume-title":"Manual of directions and scoring","year":"1944"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610213001282"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5357"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304022"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001224"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002257"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(194811)1:4<634::AID-CNCR2820010410>3.0.CO;2-L"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx247"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001968"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561770505071X"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70269-X"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref36","volume-title":"Children\u2019s color trails test: Professional manual","author":"Llorente","year":"2003"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/8.2.123"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605284"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02998-9"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.581346"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1552762"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-013-0206-6"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.25988"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref44","volume-title":"Instruction manual for the adult neuropsychology test battery","author":"Matthews","year":"1964"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.159.3.351"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2016.65"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-017-0556-6"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9087-0"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref75","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 90-90-90 - An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic, 2014. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/90-90-90_en.pdf."},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002277"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu862"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283558526"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000076477.71313.6E"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-10-44"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/19003590"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01193-z"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref72","volume-title":"A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary","author":"Strauss","year":"2006"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9505-1"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040490501448"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref16","volume-title":"Color trails test","author":"D\u2019Elia","year":"1996"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v098.i11"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.108242"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-015-0040-1"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192989"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010752"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-019-00728-z"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00307"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052810"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010051007"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref66","first-page":"1367","article-title":"The International HIV Dementia Scale: A new rapid screening test for HIV dementia","volume":"19","author":"Sacktor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref79","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale--Fourth edition (WAIS-IV)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref57","volume-title":"L\u2019examen clinique en psychologie. [The clinical examination in psychology]","author":"Rey","year":"1958"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.12.006"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0490-z"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-009-0020-1"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref81","first-page":"373","article-title":"World Medical Association declaration of Helsinki - Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"79","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref55","volume-title":"Developments in clinical and experimental neuropsychology","author":"Peaker","year":"1989"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642014DN82000006"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0640-6"},{"key":"S1355617724000201_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13145"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617724000201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:17:06Z","timestamp":1741594626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617724000201\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617724000201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617724000201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]}}}