{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T23:55:12Z","timestamp":1783727712396,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731283200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000468_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) often leads to cognitive impairments, particularly regarding working memory (WM). This meta-analysis aims to examine the impact of TBI on WM, taking into account moderating factors which has received little attention in previous research, such as severity of injury, the different domains of Baddeley\u2019s multi-component model, and the interaction between these two factors, as well as the interaction with other domains of executive functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000468_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and PsycNET for studies with objective WM measures. Multiple meta-analyses were performed to compare the effects of TBI severity on different WM components. Twenty-four English, peer-reviewed articles, mostly cross-sectional were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000468_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>TBI significantly impairs general WM and all Baddeley\u2019s model components, most notably the Central Executive (<jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\u2019 = 0.74). Severity categories, mild-moderate and moderate-severe, were identified. Impairment was found across severities, with \u201cmoderate-severe\u201d demonstrating the largest effect size (<jats:italic>d\u2019<\/jats:italic> = 0.81). Individuals with moderate-severe TBI showed greater impairments in the Central Executive and Episodic Buffer compared to those with mild-moderate injury, whereas no such differences were found for the Phonological Loop and Visuospatial Sketchpad.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000468_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings enhance our understanding of WM deficits in varying severities of TBI, highlighting the importance of assessing and treating WM in clinical practice and intervention planning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617724000468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]],"date-time":"2024-11-11T04:24:03Z","timestamp":1731299043000},"page":"895-911","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Working memory multicomponent model outcomes in individuals with traumatic brain injury: Critical review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0216-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar","family":"Lambez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4715-8828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli","family":"Vakil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5272-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Azouvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Vallat-Azouvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00084-2"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2012.12.038"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050210147220"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa316"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-020-09462-4"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.09.018"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010903467746"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.12.009"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466508X366713"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840000600611"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000711010X502733"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.08.161"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050802336989"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(01)00063-X"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(02)00032-0"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.05.006"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315627601"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004558"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/CABN.3.4.255"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref75","unstructured":"Withaar, R. , Stowe, L. A. , Withaar, R. G. , & Hoeks, J. C. J. Toward a two-stage storage model of sentence processing tracking referents: Markedness, world knowledge and pronoun resolution view project convincing conversations view project toward a two-stage storage model of sentence processing 2000. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/268434979."},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2013.860603"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.07.004"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.03.044"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12719"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00197-9"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1996.0123","article-title":"Working memory and executive control","volume":"351","author":"Baddeley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12076"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref53","unstructured":"NIH, Principles and guidelines for reporting preclinical research, 2014. Retrieved from National Institute of Health website: https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/research-training\/rigor-reproducibility\/principles-guidelines-reporting-preclinical-research%0Ahttp:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about\/reporting-preclinical-research.htm"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315111261-24"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref29","first-page":"1445","volume-title":"The prefrontal cortex executive and cognitive functions","author":"Goldman-rakic","year":"2012"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.07.006"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09638280903410722"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx015"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01538-2"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12112154"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025220"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.017"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-007-0183-x"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.003"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050902970711"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.10.009"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref74","volume-title":"Neuropsychology for clinical practice: Etiology, assessment, and treatment of common neurological disorders","author":"Williamson","year":"2004"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-126-5-199703010-00006"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs007"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070993"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0899"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2017.1330191"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1201"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.08.028"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000285"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref44","unstructured":"Lenhard, D. A. , & W. Psychometrica - Institut f\u00fcr psychologische Diagnostik 2017. https:\/\/www.psychometrica.de\/index.html."},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617711001779"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2007.2086"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.490513"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1327992"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref13","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","author":"Baddeley","year":"1974"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050310001617370"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096316"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2000.1249"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984997"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050310001617370"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1730975"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref63","first-page":"261","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis","author":"Shadish","year":"1994"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2084"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713755616"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490919245"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2018.1493225"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20131"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704105110"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699050903421099"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.5.618"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429449642-4"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref38","first-page":"63","article-title":"Cognitive correlates of perseverations in individuals with memory impairment","volume":"32","author":"Kav\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.565076"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref64","first-page":"255","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (prisma-p) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ (Online)"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2013.804207"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00428-w"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2021.122011"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2021.105800"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1085500"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19074364"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500110595"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2013.00041"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref16","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Frontiers in psychology","volume":"9","author":"Chai","year":"2018"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-24"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2015.00197"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2015.1004574"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701550144"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650525"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010130"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.03.014"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004298118485"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409335214"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.9b00584"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713000490"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.71.2.161"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3922\/j.psns.2013.3.10"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(88)90003-6"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291710001728"},{"key":"S1355617724000468_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2014.881294"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617724000468","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T13:32:10Z","timestamp":1736947930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617724000468\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617724000468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617724000468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}