{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T22:26:51Z","timestamp":1793485611442,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735257600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000717_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reading difficulties (RD) frequently co-occur with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and children with both RD + ADHD often demonstrate greater challenges in reading and executive functions (EF) than those with RD-only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000717_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study examined the effect of a 4-week EF-based reading intervention on behavioral and neurobiological correlates of EF among 8\u201312 y.o. English-speaking children with RD + ADHD (n = 19), RD-only (n = 18), and typically developing children (n = 18). Behavioral and resting-state fMRI data were collected from all participants before and after 4 weeks of the EF-based reading computerized program. Group (RD + ADHD, RD-only, typical readers) x Test (pre- and post-intervention) repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted for reading, EF, and brain functional connectivity (FC) measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000717_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across groups, reading (fluency, comprehension) and EF (inhibition, speed of processing) behavioral performance improved following the intervention. Exploratory subgroup comparisons revealed that children with RD + ADHD, but not RD-only, showed significant gains in reading comprehension, whereas inhibition improved in both RD groups, but not among typical readers. Furthermore, across groups, FC between the frontoparietal (FP) and cingulo-opercular (CO) networks decreased following the intervention. Exploratory subgroup comparisons revealed that children with RD + ADHD, but not RD-only, showed a significant decrease in FC of FP-CO and FP-dorsal attention network.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617724000717_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results support the differential response to an EF-based reading intervention of children with RD with and without comorbid ADHD at brain and behavioral levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617724000717","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1735270817000},"page":"75-85","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Differentiating the neurobiological correlates for reading gains in children with reading difficulties with and without attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder using fMRI"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1923-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri S.","family":"Rosch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masa","family":"Khashab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanad","family":"Ghanaiem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rola","family":"Farah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0340-4708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tzipi","family":"Horowitz-Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref51","volume-title":"The test of everyday attention (TEA-CH)","author":"Manly","year":"1999"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25753"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00430"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rrq.289"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.03.008"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-014-0093-4"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acr026"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.03.025"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref18","volume-title":"Conners-3","author":"Conners","year":"2008"},{"key":"S1355617724000717_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delis, D. 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