{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:47:42Z","timestamp":1768002462529,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742256000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000050_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and hypertension are highly prevalent among Veterans. Cognitive dispersion, indicating within-person variability across neuropsychological measures at one time point, is associated with increased risk of dementia. We examined interactive effects of PTSD symptom severity and hypertension on cognitive dispersion among older Veterans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000050_as2\"><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 128 Vietnam-era Veterans from the Department of Defense-Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (DoD-ADNI) with a history of PTSD. Regression models examined interactions between PTSD symptom severity and hypertension on cognitive dispersion (defined as the intraindividual standard deviation across eight cognitive measures) adjusting for demographics and comorbid vascular risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000050_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was an interaction between PTSD symptom severity and hypertension on cognitive dispersion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .026) but not on mean cognitive performance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .543). Greater PTSD symptom severity was associated with higher cognitive dispersion among those with hypertension (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .002), but not among those without hypertension (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .531). Results remained similar after adjusting for mean cognitive performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000050_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Findings suggest, among older Veterans with PTSD, those with both hypertension and more severe PTSD symptoms may be at greater risk for cognitive difficulties. Further, cognitive dispersion may be a useful marker of subtle cognitive difficulties. Future research should examine these associations longitudinally and in a diverse sample.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617725000050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T08:37:36Z","timestamp":1742287056000},"page":"178-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Interactive effects of post-traumatic stress disorder symptom severity and hypertension on cognitive dispersion in older Vietnam-Era veterans with history of post-traumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Uriel A.","family":"Urias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelsey R.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Weigand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University\/University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Bordyug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britney","family":"Luu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alin Alshaheri","family":"Durazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Diego State University"},{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary Ellen","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1363-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Bangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA San Diego Healthcare System"},{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"for the Department of Defense Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref12","unstructured":"National Center for PTSD. (2024). \u201cHow Common is PTSD in Veterans?\u201d. https:\/\/www.ptsd.va.gov\/understand\/common\/common_veterans.asp"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09528-x"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00159"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-180965"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.21.3.275"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2005.03.004"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017798"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.024"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0106-z"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0730-11.2011"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2015.04.001"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.12.1.125"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa114"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.06.017"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617720000879"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1029"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref19","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effects of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder on development of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Vietnam veterans using the Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuroimaging initiative: preliminary report","volume":"3","author":"Weiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and dementia (New York)"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.61"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298366"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000532"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802232659"},{"key":"S1355617725000050_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617725000050","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T07:59:27Z","timestamp":1761033567000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617725000050\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617725000050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617725000050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}