{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T14:19:43Z","timestamp":1778163583459,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000086_as1\"><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cognitive impairment is a common feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), and its severity may be influenced by several factors, such as biological sex and levels of cognitive reserve (CR). The relationship between sex, CR, and cognition has not yet been fully investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore sex differences in CR building and the effect of sex and CR on cognitive performance in MS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000086_as2\"><jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title><jats:p>233 participants underwent the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N), the Stroop test, and the Cognitive Reserve Scale. The <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>-test was performed to compare sociodemographic variables, Italian adaptation of the Cognitive Reserve Scale, and cognitive test scores between sexes. To evaluate the effect of CR and sex and their interaction on cognitive performance several models of multivariate analyses of covariance were performed (dependent variables: all subtests of Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests and Stroop scores; independent variables: sex and CR). Covariates included age, Expanded Disability Status Scale, and BDI-II scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000086_as3\"><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Women showed higher levels of CR, particularly in daily activities (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = \u22125.848, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;.001), hobbies (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.591, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .010), and social life (<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic> = \u22122.362, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .011). Sex differences were noted in verbal memory and fluency (with women outperforming men) and processing speed (with men performing better than women). Multivariate analyses revealed a nonsignificant interaction between CR and sex on cognition (\u039b=.950, F<jats:sub>(10,260)=<\/jats:sub>.813, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .617, \u03b7<jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = .050).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"S1355617725000086_as4\"><jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title><jats:p>CR and sex seemed to affect cognitive performance independently in pwMS. This highlights the importance of considering both factors in cognitive assessment, and that both sexes may benefit from specific psychoeducational training aimed at increasing CR levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617725000086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T05:07:25Z","timestamp":1743570445000},"page":"164-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The relationship between biological sex, cognitive reserve, and cognition in multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuela","family":"Altieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"},{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvino","family":"Bisecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"d\u2019Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Rippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Risi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo Maria","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Buonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Cuomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Umberto I Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Tessitore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7728-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Santangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102716"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"47","author":"Stern","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f881a6","article-title":"Premorbid cognitive leisure independently contributes to cognitive reserve in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Sumowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-191683"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182703f46"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-023-12108-z","article-title":"The brief repeatable battery of neuropsychological tests (BRB-N) version a: Update of Italian normative data from the Italian Neuroimaging Network Initiative (INNI)","volume":"271","author":"Tedone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.12779"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2023.11.014","article-title":"T1 and T2 weighted lesions and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Nabizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience: Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5231","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24768","article-title":"Preserved network functional connectivity underlies cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis","volume":"40","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22332"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01172","article-title":"The contribution of various MRI parameters to clinical and cognitive disability in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"T\u00f3th","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.139"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514567727","article-title":"Memory impairment in multiple sclerosis: Relevance of hippocampal activation and hippocampal connectivity","volume":"21","author":"Hulst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jon.13252"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2012.690366"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07388-w","article-title":"Vocabulary knowledge as a reliable proxy of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: A validation study","volume":"45","author":"Maggi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.5.685"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2011.559481"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.02.017","article-title":"Does cognitive reserve play any role in Multiple Sclerosis? A meta-analytic study","volume":"30","author":"Santangelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241302167"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref32","first-page":"7","article-title":"[Cognitive reserve scale: Testing the theoretical model and norms]","volume":"64","author":"Leon-Estrada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista De Neurologia"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint13030034"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.581700"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516630822"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160716","article-title":"Does the female advantage in verbal memory contribute to underestimating Alzheimer\u2019s Disease pathology in women versus men?","volume":"56","author":"Sundermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s disease : JAD"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000520"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2016.00046","article-title":"Influence of formal education on cognitive reserve in patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Luerding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.118175","article-title":"The influence of biological sex on cognitive performance in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"429","author":"Altieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517690821"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.10.018","article-title":"Diabetes and anxiety adversely affect cognition in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Marrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2018.09.033","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive processing speed in Multiple Sclerosis: The possible roles of psychological symptoms","volume":"27","author":"Sandroff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3432-0"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105646"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520961534","article-title":"Anxiety and depression affect performance on the symbol digit modalities test over time in MS and other immune disorders","volume":"27","author":"Marrie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519892552","article-title":"Regional changes in thalamic shape and volume are related to cognitive performance in multiple sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"Bisecco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-022-00368-2","article-title":"Symptom interconnectivity in Multiple Sclerosis: A narrative review of potential underlying biological disease processes","volume":"11","author":"Chitnis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology and Therapy"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070933"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0508-y","article-title":"Gender-related effect of clinical and genetic variables on the cognitive impairment in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"251","author":"Savettieri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of Multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.16050085","article-title":"Anxiety levels are independently associated with cognitive performance in an Australian Multiple Sclerosis patient cohort","volume":"29","author":"Ribbons","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2005.07.022"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000197","article-title":"What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory","volume":"145","author":"Asperholm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acy067","article-title":"Cognitive reserve attenuates the effect of disability on depression in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Cadden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2017-0011"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000188","article-title":"Why sex matters: A cognitive study of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"32","author":"Donaldson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010149","article-title":"Education and Risk for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Sex Makes a Difference EURODEM Pooled Analyses. EURODEM Incidence Research Group","volume":"151","author":"Letenneur","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.01.002"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref17","first-page":"2605","article-title":"Predicting cognitive decline in Multiple Sclerosis: A 5-year follow-up study","volume":"141","author":"Eijlers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain: A Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2019.07.027","article-title":"Cognitive and brain reserve in multiple sclerosis\u2014A cross-sectional study","volume":"35","author":"Ifantopoulou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5334\/pb.1125","article-title":"The complex interplay between trait fatigue and cognition in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"62","author":"Guillemin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychologica Belgica"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1080\/01688639708403737","article-title":"Paced auditory serial addition test: Adult norms and moderator variables","volume":"19","author":"Wiens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318296e98b","article-title":"Brain reserve and cognitive reserve in Multiple Sclerosis: What you\u2019ve got and how you use it","volume":"80","author":"Sumowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102047","article-title":"The role of cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study in 526 patients","volume":"41","author":"Artemiadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.18010011","article-title":"Depressive symptoms are associated with more negative functional outcomes than anxiety symptoms in persons with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Gill","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-120261"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-26723-9"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.13191","article-title":"Anxiety in Multiple Sclerosis is related to depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints","volume":"141","author":"Wallis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.13.3.268.1736","article-title":"Normative data on computerized paced auditory serial addition task performance","volume":"13","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6","article-title":"Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Stern","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acad041","article-title":"Cognitive reserve moderates the effects of fatigue and depressive symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Bradson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1076\/clin.16.4.472.13904","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive impairment in Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Beatty","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Clinical Neuropsychologist"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02350-7","article-title":"Brain MRI disease burden and sex differences in cognitive performance of patients with Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"124","author":"Motyl","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurologica Belgica"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004977","article-title":"Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis: State of the field and priorities for the future","volume":"90","author":"Sumowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70800-1"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221082116"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5498","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12517-8","article-title":"Correlation between cognitive changes and neuroradiological changes over time in Multiple Sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"271","author":"Simani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100879"},{"key":"S1355617725000086_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117827","article-title":"Gender differences in cognitive reserve: Implication for subjective cognitive decline in women","volume":"429","author":"Giacomucci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Neurological Sciences"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/services\/aop-cambridge-core\/content\/view\/S1355617725000086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T07:59:29Z","timestamp":1761033569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/product\/identifier\/S1355617725000086\/type\/journal_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1355617725000086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1355617725000086","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-6177","1469-7661"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1355-6177","type":"print"},{"value":"1469-7661","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}