{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:17:12Z","timestamp":1783095432099,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101045_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Impairments in emotion recognition, a crucial component of social cognition, have been previously demonstrated in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bv-FTD) and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). However, to date, it is unclear whether patients with early-stage vascular dementia (VaD) display deficient emotion recognition. We investigated profiles of impairments in emotion recognition and non-social cognitive functions, comparing VaD patients to bv-FTD and AD patients, and healthy control participants (HC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101045_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-one memory clinic patients with early-stage VaD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30), bv-FTD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 21) and AD (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 30), and 40 HCs were included and performed Ekman 60 Faces Test (EFT; emotion recognition), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT; memory - encoding and retrieval) and Trailmaking Test (TMT A, TMT B, TMT B\/A; information processing speed, executive functions). Differences between groups were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), using age, education and sex adjusted norm Z scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101045_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All patient groups performed significantly worse than HCs on EFT (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). Mean performance of VaD patients was in between bv-FTD and AD (only bv-FTD &lt; AD,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .01). All patient groups were also impaired on AVLT encoding, TMT-B and TMT B\/A. Social and non-social neurocognitive functions differed between groups, with specific impairments in processing speed in VaD, emotion recognition in bv-FTD and memory retrieval in AD, and memory encoding and cognitive control impaired in all three groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101045_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found significantly different profiles in VaD, bv-FTD and AD. Assessing emotion recognition has additive value in the distinction between patient groups, allowing for more timely and accurate diagnosis in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617725101045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T01:15:53Z","timestamp":1751418953000},"page":"300-306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Profile of impairments in social and non-social cognition in vascular dementia compared to Alzheimer\u2019s disease and behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7709-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fijanne","family":"Strijkert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rients Bauke","family":"Huitema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara Charlotte","family":"van Munster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"},{"name":"Martini Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacoba Margje","family":"Spikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen"},{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617725101045_ref25","first-page":"250","article-title":"Vascular dementia: Diagnostic criteria for research studies","volume":"43","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"1993","journal-title":"Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. 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