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We investigated these associations in early older adulthood, considering different definitions of chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101057_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Men in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1,042) underwent cognitive testing and medical history interviews at average ages 56, 62, and 68. Chronic pain was defined using pain intensity and interference ratings from the SF-36 over 2 or 3 waves (categorized as mild versus moderate-to-severe). Opioid use was determined by self-reported medication use. Amnestic and non-amnestic MCI were assessed using the Jak-Bondi approach. Mixed models and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations of pain and opioid use with cognitive decline and risk for MCI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101057_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Moderate-to-severe, but not mild, chronic pain intensity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u2212.10) and interference (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u2212.23) were associated with greater declines in executive function. Moderate-to-severe chronic pain intensity (\n                      <jats:italic>HR<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.75) and interference (\n                      <jats:italic>HR<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3.31) were associated with a higher risk of non-amnestic MCI. Opioid use was associated with a faster decline in verbal fluency (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u2212.18) and a higher risk of amnestic MCI (\n                      <jats:italic>HR<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.99). There were no significant interactions between chronic pain and opioid use on cognitive decline or MCI risk (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values &gt; .05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101057_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moderate-to-severe chronic pain intensity and interference related to executive function decline and greater risk of non-amnestic MCI; while opioid use related to verbal fluency decline and greater risk of amnestic MCI. Lowering chronic pain severity while reducing opioid exposure may help clinicians mitigate later cognitive decline and dementia risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617725101057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T12:54:44Z","timestamp":1752497684000},"page":"307-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["History of chronic pain and opioid use is associated with cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-5995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler R.","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, San Diego"},{"name":"University of California, San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-1769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy 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