{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:51:52Z","timestamp":1785430312437,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"9-10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101537_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most children recover from mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but some experience persistent neurocognitive effects. Understanding is limited due to methodological differences and a lack of pre-injury data. The study aimed to assess changes in neurocognitive outcomes in children following mTBI compared to orthopedic injury (OI) and non-injured (NI) controls, while accounting for pre-injury functioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101537_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a prospective longitudinal cohort. The sample included children with mTBI between the 1-year and 2-year follow-ups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 83), identified by parent report of head injury with memory loss or loss of consciousness, compared to children who experienced OI within the same period (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 231) and an NI control group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 218). Changes in neurocognitive outcomes from baseline to the 2-year follow-up between groups (mTBI\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      OI; mTBI\n                      <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic>\n                      NI) were estimated using linear mixed-effects models, accounting for demographic, behavioral, genetic, and white matter microstructural covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101537_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At baseline prior to injury, the mTBI group demonstrated better performance on picture vocabulary and crystallized composite scores than the OI group. At post-injury, after adjusting for pre-injury baseline differences, children who sustained an mTBI were no different in any measure of neurocognitive outcomes compared to OI and NI controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617725101537_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the importance of accounting for pre-injury differences when evaluating neurocognitive outcomes following pediatric mTBI. Neurocognitive differences within a year post-injury may be more related to pre-existing individual factors rather than the injury itself, underscoring the need for a comprehensive approach in studying pediatric mTBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617725101537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T08:16:07Z","timestamp":1763108167000},"page":"646-655","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal neurocognitive outcomes in children with mild traumatic brain injury: An ABCD cohort analysis"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2166-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola L.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Vaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Jacobus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth A.","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Bigler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine"},{"name":"Brigham Young University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily A.","family":"Troyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Abildskov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03r0ha626","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}],"name":"University of Utah School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Hesselink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6566-1585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey E.","family":"Max","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1606445"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-1353-0"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.122.2.107"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050500487910"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018112"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2015.3971"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.557351"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0015"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2024.2376261"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000429846.14579.41"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-325066"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2022.0369"},{"key":"S1355617725101537_ref23","unstructured":"Department of Veterans Affairs\/Department of Defense. 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