{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T09:33:09Z","timestamp":1786354389567,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Int Neuropsychol Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617726102008_as1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pulse pressure (PP) calculated as systolic minus diastolic blood pressure is a surrogate measure of arterial stiffness that may affect executive function; however, this relationship could be moderated by age and genetic risk for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). We therefore examined relationships among PP, age, AD risk (i.e., APOE genotype) and executive function measured by the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NIHTB-CB) in older adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617726102008_as2\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PP was determined in 216 older adults without dementia (mean age: 77.5 \u00b1 7.9 years, education: 16.8 \u00b1 2.4 years, 55% women, 34.8% APOE \u03f54+) who were tested with the NIHTB-CB as part of the Advancing Reliable Measurement of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cognitive Aging (ARMADA) study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617726102008_as3\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multiple linear regression revealed PP \u00d7 Age \u00d7 APOE genotype interaction effects for List Sorting Working Memory (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .007) and Picture Sequence Memory (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .006); higher PP was associated with worse scores in younger APOE \u03f54+ older adults (same pattern for fluid and total cognition composite scores). Higher PP was associated with lower Picture Vocabulary scores in ApoE \u03f54+ (PP X APOE interaction:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.19;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .022). Higher PP was associated with lower Flanker Inhibitory Control scores (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22120.13;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) across all participants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"S1355617726102008_as4\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arterial stiffness measured by PP in older adults is associated with worse performance on NIHTB-CB tests of executive function, working memory, and episodic sequence memory, particularly in younger APOE \u03f54 carriers. Arterial stiffness and AD risk may work synergistically in an age dependent manner to adversely affect cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1017\/s1355617726102008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:06:16Z","timestamp":1778655976000},"page":"301-310","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of age and APOE \u03f54 genotype on the relationship between pulse pressure and executive function in older adults without dementia"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Melanie L.","family":"Quiring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Joint Doctoral Program, University of California, San Diego\/San Diego State 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